The vascular adventitia contains a variety types of cells，including vascular wall-resident stem cells（VRSCs），mesen-chymal stem cells（MSCs），macrophages，fibroblasts，and pericytes that surround and nourish blood vessels in the adventitia，etc. Re-cently，numerous studies have consistently demonstrated that vascular wall-resident stem cells present in the vascular wall have remark-able proliferation ability and multidirectional differentiation potential. In resting state，VRSCs are mainly involved in contributing to the self-renewal of vascular cells and participate in the regulation of vascular homeostasis. Whereas vascular injury induces the activation of VRSCs into the site of injury，promoting postinjury vascular repair and function recovery，as well as vascular remodeling through para-crine pathway or differentiation into endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells. On the one hand，VRSCs can facilitate the repair of dam-aged vessels，on the other hand，overactivation of VRSCs can lead to vascular restenosis，aggravating atherosclerosis lesions. Therefore， an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that control vascular wall-resident stem cells migration and differentiation is essential for stem cells therapy in cardiovascular disease.