Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in human

which is prone to recurrence metastasis and with poor therapeutil outcomes. Recently

immunotherapies

represented by im⁃mune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)

have demonstrated robust antitumor effects in patients with HCC; particularly

combination therapies of ICIs with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or radiotherapy can significantly improve the objective response rate

showing promise in clinical applications. Meanwhile

the new-generation immunotherapies including CAR-T therapy and neoantigen vaccine also have shown great promise for HCC treatment.