MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are endogenous short non-coding RNAs that regulate most of important cellular processes by inhibiting gene expression through the post-transcriptional repression of their target m RNAs. In kidneys

miRNAs have been associated with renal development

homeostasis

and physiological functions. Results from clinical and experimental animal studies demonstrate that miRNAs play essential roles in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases. Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is recognized as a major mediator of renal fibrosis because it is able to stimulate the accumulation of extracellular matrix(ECM)proteins to impair normal kidney function. Recently

substantial evidences demonstrate the relationship between TGF-β signaling and miRNAs expression during renal diseases. Clinically

the presence of miRNAs in blood and urine has been examined to be early biomarkers for detecting renal diseases. From experimental animal studies of CKD

targeting micro RNAs also provides evidences about therapeutic potential of miRNAs during renal diseases. Therefore

determining the function of miRNAs and TGF-β in renal fibrosis may facilitate the development of both early diagnosis and of renal diseases.