1 D.N. CooperGalectinomics: finding themes in complexity Biochim Biophys Acta, 1572 (2–3) (2002), pp. 209-231

2 S.P. Méndez-Huergo, A.G. Blidner, G.A. RabinovichGalectins: emerging regulatory checkpoints linking tumor immunity and angiogenesis Curr Opin Immunol, 45 (2017), pp. 8-15

3 G.R. VastaGalectins in host-pathogen interactions: structural, functional and evolutionary aspects Adv Exp Med Biol, 1204 (2020), pp. 169-196

4 N. Ahmad, H.J. Gabius, S. André, et al.Galectin-3 precipitates as a pentamer with synthetic multivalent carbohydrates and forms heterogeneous cross-linked complexes J Biol Chem, 279 (12) (2004), pp. 10841-10847

5 R.Y. Yang, G.A. Rabinovich, F.T. LiuGalectins: structure, function and therapeutic potential Expet Rev Mol Med, 10 (2008), p. e17

6 S.J. Popa, S.E. Stewart, K. MoreauUnconventional secretion of annexins and galectins Semin Cell Dev Biol, 83 (2018), pp. 42-50

7 S. Bänfer, R. JacobGalectins in intra- and extracellular vesicles Biomolecules, 10 (9) (2020), p. 1232

8 E. Leal-Pinto, W. Tao, J. Rappaport, M. Richardson, B.A. Knorr, R.G. AbramsonMolecular cloning and functional reconstitution of a urate transporter/channel J Biol Chem, 272 (1) (1997), pp. 617-625

9 R. Matsumoto, H. Matsumoto, M. Seki, et al.Human ecalectin, a variant of human galectin-9, is a novel eosinophil chemoattractant produced by T lymphocytes J Biol Chem, 273 (27) (1998), pp. 16976-16984

10 O. Türeci, H. Schmitt, N. Fadle, M. Pfreundschuh, U. SahinMolecular definition of a novel human galectin which is immunogenic in patients with Hodgkin's disease J Biol Chem, 272 (10) (1997), pp. 6416-6422

11 T. Kageshita, Y. Kashio, A. Yamauchi, et al.Possible role of galectin-9 in cell aggregation and apoptosis of human melanoma cell lines and its clinical significance Int J Cancer, 99 (6) (2002), pp. 809-816

12 A. Kasamatsu, K. Uzawa, D. Nakashima, et al.Galectin-9 as a regulator of cellular adhesion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines Int J Mol Med, 16 (2) (2005), pp. 269-273

13 A. Irie, A. Yamauchi, K. Kontani, et al.Galectin-9 as a prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in breast cancer Clin Cancer Res, 11 (8) (2005), pp. 2962-2968

14 Z.Y. Zhang, J.H. Dong, Y.W. Chen, et al.Galectin-9 acts as a prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in hepatocellular carcinoma Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP, 13 (6) (2012), pp. 2503-2509

15 C. Zhu, A.C. Anderson, A. Schubart, et al.The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity Nat Immunol, 6 (12) (2005), pp. 1245-1252

16 M. Seki, S. Oomizu, K.M. Sakata, et al.Galectin-9 suppresses the generation of Th17, promotes the induction of regulatory T cells, and regulates experimental autoimmune arthritis Clin Immunol, 127 (1) (2008), pp. 78-88

17 Y. Wang, L. Song, J. Sun, et al.Expression of Galectin-9 and correlation with disease activity and vascular endothelial growth factor in rheumatoid arthritis Clin Exp Rheumatol, 38 (4) (2020), pp. 654-661

18 M. Labrie, L.O.F. De Araujo, L. Communal, A.M. Mes-Masson, Y. St-PierreTissue and plasma levels of galectins in patients with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma as new predictive biomarkers Sci Rep, 7 (1) (2017), Article 13244

19 S. Bi, L.A. Earl, L. Jacobs, L.G. BaumStructural features of galectin-9 and galectin-1 that determine distinct T cell death pathways J Biol Chem, 283 (18) (2008), pp. 12248-12258

20 D.S. Chen, I. MellmanElements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point Nature, 541 (7637) (2017), pp. 321-330

21 F.C. Chou, H.Y. Chen, C.C. Kuo, H.K. SytwuRole of galectins in tumors and in clinical immunotherapy Int J Mol Sci, 19 (2) (2018), p. 430

22 Y. Oda, J. Herrmann, M.A. Gitt, et al.Soluble lactose-binding lectin from rat intestine with two different carbohydrate-binding domains in the same peptide chain J Biol Chem, 268 (8) (1993), pp. 5929-5939

23 S.H. Barondes, D.N. Cooper, M.A. Gitt, H. LefflerGalectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins J Biol Chem, 269 (33) (1994), pp. 20807-20810

24 L. Golden-Mason, H.R. RosenGalectin-9: diverse roles in hepatic immune homeostasis and inflammation Hepatology, 66 (1) (2017), pp. 271-279

25 J.N. Sudhakar, H.H. Lu, H.Y. Chiang, et al.Lumenal Galectin-9-Lamp2 interaction regulates lysosome and autophagy to prevent pathogenesis in the intestine and pancreas Nat Commun, 11 (1) (2020), p. 4286

26 R. Yang, M.C. HungThe role of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 and its ligand galectin-9 in antitumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy Sci China Life Sci, 60 (10) (2017), pp. 1058-1064

27 S. John, R. MishraGalectin-9: from cell biology to complex disease dynamics J Biosci, 41 (3) (2016), pp. 507-534

28 E. Aanhane, I.A. Schulkens, R. Heusschen, et al.Different angioregulatory activity of monovalent galectin-9 isoforms Angiogenesis, 21 (3) (2018), pp. 545-555

29 H.L. Chen, F. Liao, T.N. Lin, F.T. LiuGalectins and neuroinflammation Adv Neurobiol, 9 (2014), pp. 517-542

30 H.Y. Chen, Y.F. Wu, F.C. Chou, et al.Intracellular galectin-9 enhances proximal TCR signaling and potentiates autoimmune diseases J Immunol, 204 (5) (2020), pp. 1158-1172

31 R. Matsumoto, M. Hirashima, H. Kita, G.J. GleichBiological activities of ecalectin: a novel eosinophil-activating factor J Immunol, 168 (4) (2002), pp. 1961-1967

32 S. Oomizu, T. Arikawa, T. Niki, et al.Cell surface galectin-9 expressing Th cells regulate Th17 and Foxp3+ Treg development by galectin-9 secretion PLoS One, 7 (11) (2012), Article e48574

33 Y. Kashio, K. Nakamura, M.J. Abedin, et al.Galectin-9 induces apoptosis through the calcium-calpain-caspase-1 pathway J Immunol, 170 (7) (2003), pp. 3631-3636

34 A. Cao, N. Alluqmani, F.H.M. Buhari, et al.Galectin-9 binds IgM-BCR to regulate B cell signaling Nat Commun, 9 (1) (2018), p. 3288

35 A. Chakraborty, C. Staudinger, S.L. King, et al.Galectin-9 bridges human B cells to vascular endothelium while programming regulatory pathways J Autoimmun, 117 (2021), Article 102575

36 S.Y. Dai, R. Nakagawa, A. Itoh, et al.Galectin-9 induces maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells J Immunol, 175 (5) (2005), pp. 2974-2981

37 L. Querol Cano, O. Tagit, Y. Dolen, et al.Intracellular galectin-9 controls dendritic cell function by maintaining plasma membrane rigidity iScience, 22 (2019), pp. 240-255

38 A.C. Anderson, D.E. Anderson, L. Bregoli, et al.Promotion of tissue inflammation by the immune receptor Tim-3 expressed on innate immune cells Science, 318 (5853) (2007), pp. 1141-1143

39 K. Koguchi, D.E. Anderson, L. Yang, K.C. O'Connor, V.K. Kuchroo, D.A. HaflerDysregulated T cell expression of TIM3 in multiple sclerosis J Exp Med, 203 (6) (2006), pp. 1413-1418

40 Y.H. Li, W.H. Zhou, Y. Tao, et al.The Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway is involved in the regulation of NK cell function at the maternal-fetal interface in early pregnancy Cell Mol Immunol, 13 (1) (2016), pp. 73-81

41 R. Yang, L. Sun, C.F. Li, et al.Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate T cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy Nat Commun, 12 (1) (2021), p. 832

42 D. Daley, V.R. Mani, N. Mohan, et al.Dectin 1 activation on macrophages by galectin 9 promotes pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral immune tolerance Nat Med, 23 (5) (2017), pp. 556-567

43 E.A.L. Enninga, K. Chatzopoulos, J.T. Butterfield, et al.CD206-positive myeloid cells bind galectin-9 and promote a tumor-supportive microenvironment J Pathol, 245 (4) (2018), pp. 468-477

44 G.M. Vaitaitis, D.H. Wagner Jr.Galectin-9 controls CD40 signaling through a Tim-3 independent mechanism and redirects the cytokine profile of pathogenic T cells in autoimmunity PLoS One, 7 (6) (2012), Article e38708

45 S. Madireddi, S.Y. Eun, S.W. Lee, et al.Galectin-9 controls the therapeutic activity of 4-1BB-targeting antibodies J Exp Med, 211 (7) (2014), pp. 1433-1448

46 I.M. Yasinska, N.H. Meyer, S. Schlichtner, et al.Ligand-receptor interactions of galectin-9 and VISTA suppress human T lymphocyte cytotoxic activity Front Immunol, 11 (2020), Article 580557

47 S. Madireddi, S.Y. Eun, A.K. Mehta, et al.Regulatory T cell-mediated suppression of inflammation induced by DR3 signaling is dependent on galectin-9 J Immunol, 199 (8) (2017), pp. 2721-2728

48 C. Wu, T. Thalhamer, R.F. Franca, et al.Galectin-9-CD44 interaction enhances stability and function of adaptive regulatory T cells Immunity, 41 (2) (2014), pp. 270-282

49 T. Liang, C. Ma, T. Wang, et al.Galectin-9 promotes neuronal restoration via binding TLR-4 in a rat intracerebral hemorrhage model NeuroMolecular Med, 23 (2) (2021), pp. 267-284

50 W.D. Hastings, D.E. Anderson, N. Kassam, et al.TIM-3 is expressed on activated human CD4+ T cells and regulates Th1 and Th17 cytokines Eur J Immunol, 39 (9) (2009), pp. 2492-2501

51 Y. Kikushige, T. Miyamoto, J. Yuda, et al.A TIM-3/Gal-9 autocrine stimulatory loop drives self-renewal of human myeloid leukemia stem cells and leukemic progression Cell Stem Cell, 17 (3) (2015), pp. 341-352

52 I. Gonçalves Silva, I.M. Yasinska, S.S. Sakhnevych, et al.The tim-3-galectin-9 secretory pathway is involved in the immune escape of human acute myeloid leukemia cells EBioMedicine, 22 (2017), pp. 44-57

53 J. Yan, Y. Zhang, J.P. Zhang, J. Liang, L. Li, L. ZhengTim-3 expression defines regulatory T cells in human tumors PLoS One, 8 (3) (2013), Article e58006

54 I.M. Yasinska, S.S. Sakhnevych, L. Pavlova, et al.The Tim-3-galectin-9 pathway and its regulatory mechanisms in human breast cancer Front Immunol, 10 (2019), p. 1594

55 C.W. Kang, A. Dutta, L.Y. Chang, et al.Apoptosis of tumor infiltrating effector TIM-3+CD8+ T cells in colon cancer Sci Rep, 5 (2015), Article 15659

56 H. Li, K. Wu, K. Tao, et al.Tim-3/galectin-9 signaling pathway mediates T-cell dysfunction and predicts poor prognosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatology, 56 (4) (2012), pp. 1342-1351

57 K. Nagahara, T. Arikawa, S. Oomizu, et al.Galectin-9 increases Tim-3+ dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells and enhances antitumor immunity via galectin-9-Tim-3 interactions J Immunol, 181 (11) (2008), pp. 7660-7669

58 J. Klibi, T. Niki, A. Riedel, et al.Blood diffusion and Th1-suppressive effects of galectin-9-containing exosomes released by Epstein-Barr virus-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells Blood, 113 (9) (2009), pp. 1957-1966

59 Z. Chen, D. Dong, Y. Zhu, N. Pang, J. DingThe role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway in T-cell function and prognosis of patients with human papilloma virus-associated cervical carcinoma FASEB J, 35 (3) (2021), Article e21401

60 A.M. Seifert, C. Reiche, M. Heiduk, et al.Detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with galectin-9 serum levels Oncogene, 39 (15) (2020), pp. 3102-3113

61 F. Yuan, H. Ming, Y. Wang, et al.Molecular and clinical characterization of Galectin-9 in glioma through 1,027 samples J Cell Physiol, 235 (5) (2020), pp. 4326-4334

62 R. Nakajima, T. Miyagaki, H. Kamijo, et al.Possible therapeutic applicability of galectin-9 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma J Dermatol Sci, 96 (3) (2019), pp. 134-142

63 K. Wdowiak, E. Gallego-Colon, T. Francuz, et al.Increased serum levels of Galectin-9 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia Oncol Lett, 17 (1) (2019), pp. 1019-1029

64 Y. Wang, J. Sun, C. Ma, et al.Reduced expression of galectin-9 contributes to a poor outcome in colon cancer by inhibiting NK cell chemotaxis partially through the Rho/ROCK1 signaling pathway PLoS One, 11 (3) (2016), Article e0152599

65 H. Lahm, S. André, A. Hoeflich, et al.Comprehensive galectin fingerprinting in a panel of 61 human tumor cell lines by RT-PCR and its implications for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 127 (6) (2001), pp. 375-386

66 S. Chen, J. Pu, J. Bai, et al.EZH2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through modulating miR-22/galectin-9 axis J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 37 (1) (2018), p. 3

67 J. Yang, L. Zhu, Y. Cai, J. Suo, J. JinRole of downregulation of galectin-9 in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer Int J Oncol, 45 (3) (2014), pp. 1313-1320

68 N. Hou, J. Ma, W. Li, L. Zhao, Q. Gao, L. MaiT-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein-3 and galectin-9 protein expression: potential prognostic significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for Chinese patients Oncol Lett, 14 (6) (2017), pp. 8007-8013

69 A. Yamauchi, K. Kontani, M. Kihara, N. Nishi, H. Yokomise, M. HirashimaGalectin-9, a novel prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in breast cancer Breast J, 12 (5 Suppl 2) (2006), pp. S196-S200

70 J. Jiang, M.S. Jin, F. Kong, et al.Decreased galectin-9 and increased Tim-3 expression are related to poor prognosis in gastric cancer PLoS One, 8 (12) (2013), Article e81799

71 B. Long, Z. Yu, H. Zhou, et al.Clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of galectins for patients with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis Int J Surg, 56 (2018), pp. 242-249

72 J. Takano, A. Morishita, S. Fujihara, et al.Galectin-9 suppresses the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro Oncol Rep, 35 (2) (2016), pp. 851-860

73 S.J. Cho, M.C. Kook, J.H. Lee, et al.Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ upregulates galectin-9 and predicts prognosis in intestinal-type gastric cancer Int J Cancer, 136 (4) (2015), pp. 810-820

74 P. Shen, R. Yue, J. Tang, et al.Preferential Tim-3 expression on Treg and CD8(+) T cells, supported by tumor-associated macrophages, is associated with worse prognosis in gastric cancer Am J Transl Res, 8 (8) (2016), pp. 3419-3428

75 Q. Yang, C. Hou, D. Huang, et al.miR-455-5p functions as a potential oncogene by targeting galectin-9 in colon cancer Oncol Lett, 13 (3) (2017), pp. 1958-1964

76 S.S. Sakhnevych, I.M. Yasinska, E. Fasler-Kan, V.V. SumbayevMitochondrial defunctionalization supresses Tim-3-galectin-9 secretory pathway in human colorectal cancer cells and thus can possibly affect tumor immune escape Front Pharmacol, 10 (2019), p. 342

77 V.R. Wiersma, M. de Bruyn, Y. Wei, et al.The epithelial polarity regulator LGALS9/galectin-9 induces fatal frustrated autophagy in KRAS mutant colon carcinoma that depends on elevated basal autophagic flux Autophagy, 11 (8) (2015), pp. 1373-1388

78 Y. He, K. Jia, R. Dziadziuszko, et al.Galectin-9 in non-small cell lung cancer Lung Cancer, 136 (2019), pp. 80-85

79 P. Chen, L. Zhang, W. Zhang, et al.Galectin-9-based immune risk score model helps to predict relapse in stage I-III small cell lung cancer J Immunother Cancer, 8 (2) (2020), Article e001391

80 A. Nobumoto, K. Nagahara, S. Oomizu, et al.Galectin-9 suppresses tumor metastasis by blocking adhesion to endothelium and extracellular matrices Glycobiology, 18 (9) (2008), pp. 735-744

81 T. Kadowaki, T. Arikawa, R. Shinonaga, et al.Galectin-9 signaling prolongs survival in murine lung-cancer by inducing macrophages to differentiate into plasmacytoid dendritic cell-like macrophages Clin Immunol, 142 (3) (2012), pp. 296-307

82 E. Limagne, C. Richard, M. Thibaudin, et al.Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway and mMDSC control primary and secondary resistances to PD-1 blockade in lung cancer patients OncoImmunology, 8 (4) (2019), Article e1564505

83 K. Fujita, H. Iwama, T. Sakamoto, et al.Galectin-9 suppresses the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma via apoptosis in vitro and in vivo Int J Oncol, 46 (6) (2015), pp. 2419-2430

84 K. Sideras, K. Biermann, J. Verheij, et al.PD-L1, Galectin-9 and CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with survival in hepatocellular carcinoma OncoImmunology, 6 (2) (2017), Article e1273309

85 T. Chiyo, K. Fujita, H. Iwama, et al.Galectin-9 induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of esophageal cancer in vitro and in vivo in a xenograft mouse model Int J Mol Sci, 20 (11) (2019), p. 2634

86 E. Akashi, S. Fujihara, A. Morishita, et al.Effects of galectin-9 on apoptosis, cell cycle and autophagy in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells Oncol Rep, 38 (1) (2017), pp. 506-514

87 M. Ogura, H. Takeuchi, H. Kawakubo, et al.Clinical significance of CXCL-8/CXCR-2 network in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Surgery, 154 (3) (2013), pp. 512-520

88 Z. Liu, H. Han, X. He, et al.Expression of the galectin-9-Tim-3 pathway in glioma tissues is associated with the clinical manifestations of glioma Oncol Lett, 11 (3) (2016), pp. 1829-1834

89 M.D. Sørensen, O. Nielsen, G. Reifenberger, B.W. KristensenThe presence of TIM-3 positive cells in WHO grade III and IV astrocytic gliomas correlates with isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation status Brain Pathol, 31 (3) (2021), Article e12921

90 M. Yazdanifar, R. Zhou, P. Grover, et al.Overcoming immunological resistance enhances the efficacy of A novel anti-tMUC1-CAR T cell treatment against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Cells, 8 (9) (2019), p. 1070

91 L. Mondragón, G. Kroemer, L. GalluzziImmunosuppressive γδ T cells foster pancreatic carcinogenesis OncoImmunology, 5 (11) (2016), Article e1237328

92 R. Okura, S. Fujihara, H. Iwama, et al.MicroRNA profiles during galectin-9-induced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells Oncol Lett, 15 (1) (2018), pp. 407-414

93 L. Zhang, S. Tian, M. Zhao, et al.SUV39H1-DNMT3A-mediated epigenetic regulation of Tim-3 and galectin-9 in the cervical cancer Cancer Cell Int, 20 (2020), p. 325

94 T.A.W. Holderried, L. de Vos, E.G. Bawden, et al.Molecular and immune correlates of TIM-3 (HAVCR2) and galectin 9 (LGALS9) mRNA expression and DNA methylation in melanoma Clin Epigenet, 11 (1) (2019), p. 161

95 V.R. Wiersma, M. de Bruyn, R.J. van Ginkel, et al.The glycan-binding protein galectin-9 has direct apoptotic activity toward melanoma cells J Invest Dermatol, 132 (9) (2012), pp. 2302-2305

96 C.M. Cristiani, A. Turdo, V. Ventura, et al.Accumulation of circulating CCR7(+) natural killer cells marks melanoma evolution and reveals a CCL19-dependent metastatic pathway Cancer Immunol Res, 7 (5) (2019), pp. 841-852

97 G. Micevic, N. Theodosakis, M. BosenbergAberrant DNA methylation in melanoma: biomarker and therapeutic opportunities Clin Epigenet, 9 (2017), p. 34

98 T. Zhang, T. Ren, Z. Song, et al.Genetic mutations of Tim-3 ligand and exhausted Tim-3(+) CD8(+) T cells and survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma J Immunol Res, 2020 (2020), Article 6968595

99 Y. Zhang, S. Xue, Q. Hao, F. Liu, W. Huang, J. WangGalectin-9 and PSMB8 overexpression predict unfavorable prognosis in patients with AML J Cancer, 12 (14) (2021), pp. 4257-4263

100 Z. Kocibalova, M. Guzyova, I. Borovska, et al.Development of multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with alterations of the LPHN1/GAL-9/TIM-3 signaling pathway Cancers, 13 (14) (2021), p. 3629

101 N. Pang, X. Alimu, R. Chen, et al.Activated Galectin-9/Tim3 promotes Treg and suppresses Th1 effector function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia FASEB J, 35 (7) (2021), Article e21556

102 T.F. Gajewski, H. Schreiber, Y.X. FuInnate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment Nat Immunol, 14 (10) (2013), pp. 1014-1022

103 S. Taghiloo, E. Allahmoradi, R. Ebadi, et al.Upregulation of galectin-9 and PD-L1 immune checkpoints molecules in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP, 18 (8) (2017), pp. 2269-2274

104 T. Liang, X. Wang, F. Wang, E. Feng, G. YouGalectin-9: a predictive biomarker negatively regulating immune response in glioma patients World Neurosurg, 132 (2019), pp. e455-e462

105 P. Dama, M. Tang, N. Fulton, J. Kline, H. LiuGal9/Tim-3 expression level is higher in AML patients who fail chemotherapy J Immunother Cancer, 7 (1) (2019), p. 175

106 V. Baloche, J. Rivière, T.B.T. Tran, et al.Serial transplantation unmasks galectin-9 contribution to tumor immune escape in the MB49 murine model Sci Rep, 11 (1) (2021), p. 5227

107 P. Moar, R. TandonGalectin-9 as a biomarker of disease severity Cell Immunol, 361 (2021), Article 104287

108 F. Krautter, C. Recio, M.T. Hussain, et al.Characterisation of endogenous Galectin-1 and-9 expression in monocyte and macrophage subsets under resting and inflammatory conditions Biomed Pharmacother, 130 (2020), Article 110595

109 F.T. Liu, G.A. RabinovichGalectins: regulators of acute and chronic inflammation Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1183 (2010), pp. 158-182

110 A.L. Steichen, T.J. Simonson, S.L. Salmon, D.W. Metzger, B.B. Mishra, J. SharmaAlarmin function of galectin-9 in murine respiratory tularemia PLoS One, 10 (4) (2015), Article e0123573

111 M. Hassn Mesrati, S.E. Syafruddin, M.A. Mohtar, A. SyahirCD44: a multifunctional mediator of cancer progression Biomolecules, 11 (12) (2021), p. 1850

112 J.H. Jang, D.H. Kim, J.M. Lim, et al.Breast cancer cell-derived soluble CD44 promotes tumor progression by triggering macrophage IL1β production Cancer Res, 80 (6) (2020), pp. 1342-1356

113 Y. Li, J. Feng, S. Geng, et al.The N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains of galectin-9 contribute differently to its multiple functions in innate immunity and adaptive immunity Mol Immunol, 48 (4) (2011), pp. 670-677

114 P. Bertino, T.A. Premeaux, T. Fujita, et al.Targeting the C-terminus of galectin-9 induces mesothelioma apoptosis and M2 macrophage depletion OncoImmunology, 8 (8) (2019), Article 1601482

115 G.R. Vasta, C. Feng, N. González-Montalbán, et al.Functions of galectins as 'self/non-self'-recognition and effector factors Pathog Dis, 75 (5) (2017), p. ftx046

116 N. Giovannone, L.K. Smith, B. Treanor, C.J. DimitroffGalectin-glycan interactions as regulators of B cell immunity Front Immunol, 9 (2018), p. 2839

117 J.T. Vuong, A.F. Stein-Merlob, A. Nayeri, T. Sallam, T.G. Neilan, E.H. YangImmune checkpoint therapies and atherosclerosis: mechanisms and clinical implications: JACC state-of-the-art review J Am Coll Cardiol, 79 (6) (2022), pp. 577-593

118 Q. Shang, Y. Dong, Y. Su, F. Leslie, M. Sun, F. WangLocal scaffold-assisted delivery of immunotherapeutic agents for improved cancer immunotherapy Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 185 (2022), Article 114308

119 M.N. Ferreira, J.H. ChoeGuiding immunotherapy combinations: who gets what? Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 178 (2021), Article 113962

120 P. Sharma, B.A. Siddiqui, S. Anandhan, et al.The next decade of immune checkpoint therapy Cancer Discov, 11 (4) (2021), pp. 838-857

121 Y. Wolf, A.C. Anderson, V.K. KuchrooTIM3 comes of age as an inhibitory receptor Nat Rev Immunol, 20 (3) (2020), pp. 173-185

122 N. Derosiers, W. Aguilar, D.A. DeGaramo, A.D. Posey Jr.Sweet immune checkpoint targets to enhance T cell therapy J Immunol, 208 (2) (2022), pp. 278-285

123 K. Sakuishi, L. Apetoh, J.M. Sullivan, B.R. Blazar, V.K. Kuchroo, A.C. AndersonTargeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity J Exp Med, 207 (10) (2010), pp. 2187-2194

124 H.K. Yoon, T.H. Kim, S. Park, et al.Effect of anthracycline and taxane on the expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 and galectin-9 in triple-negative breast cancer Pathol Res Pract, 214 (10) (2018), pp. 1626-1631

125 V. Dardalhon, A.C. Anderson, J. Karman, et al.Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway: regulation of Th1 immunity through promotion of CD11b+Ly-6G+ myeloid cells J Immunol, 185 (3) (2010), pp. 1383-1392

126 Á. de Mingo Pulido, A. Gardner, S. Hiebler, et al.TIM-3 regulates CD103(+) dendritic cell function and response to chemotherapy in breast cancer Cancer Cell, 33 (1) (2018), pp. 60-74

127 J. Fourcade, Z. Sun, M. Benallaoua, et al.Upregulation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression is associated with tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction in melanoma patients J Exp Med, 207 (10) (2010), pp. 2175-2186

128 Q. Zhou, M.E. Munger, R.G. Veenstra, et al.Coexpression of Tim-3 and PD-1 identifies a CD8+ T-cell exhaustion phenotype in mice with disseminated acute myelogenous leukemia Blood, 117 (17) (2011), pp. 4501-4510

129 N. Acharya, C. Sabatos-Peyton, A.C. AndersonTim-3 finds its place in the cancer immunotherapy landscape J Immunother Cancer, 8 (1) (2020), Article e000911

130 D. Zhang, F. Jiang, R. Zaynagetdinov, et al.Identification and characterization of M6903, an antagonistic anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody OncoImmunology, 9 (1) (2020), Article 1744921

131 G.J. Weiss, J.J. Luke, G. Falchook, et al.A phase 1 study of TSR-022, an anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody, in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors J ImmunTherapy Cancer (2017) Paper presented at:

132 D. Davar, P. Boasberg, Z. Eroglu, G. Falchook, J. Gainor, E. HamiltonA phase 1 study of TSR-022, an anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody, in combination with TSR-042 (anti-PD-1) in patients with colorectal cancer and post-PD-1 NSCLC and melanoma J Immunother Cancer., 6 (Suppl 1) (2018), p. 115O121

133 J.J. Harding, A. Patnaik, V. Moreno, et al.A phase Ia/Ib study of an anti-TIM-3 antibody (LY3321367) monotherapy or in combination with an anti-PD-L1 antibody (LY3300054):interim safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic findings in advanced cancers J Clin Oncol, 37 (8_suppl) (2019), p. 12

134 J.J. Harding, V. Moreno, Y.J. Bang, et al.Blocking TIM-3 in treatment-refractory advanced solid tumors: a phase Ia/b study of LY3321367 with or without an anti-PD-L1 antibody Clin Cancer Res, 27 (8) (2021), pp. 2168-2178

135 G. Curigliano, H. Gelderblom, N. Mach, et al.Phase I/Ib clinical trial of sabatolimab, an anti-TIM-3 antibody, alone and in combination with spartalizumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, in advanced solid tumors Clin Cancer Res, 27 (13) (2021), pp. 3620-3629