Studies on immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting B7-CD28 family pathways in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have shown promising results. However

a comprehensive understanding of B7-CD28 family members in ESCC is still limited. This study aimed to construct a novel B7-CD28 family-based prognosis system to predict survival in patients with ESCC. We collected 179 cases from our previously published microarray data and 86 cases with qPCR data. Specifically

119 microarray data (GSE53624) were used as a training set

whereas the remaining 60 microarray data (GSE53622)

all 179 microarray data (GSE53625) and an independent cohort with 86 qPCR data were used for validation. The underlying mechanism and immune landscape of the system were also explored using bioinformatics and immunofluorescence. We examined 13 well-defined B7-CD28 family members and identified 2 genes (ICSOLG and HHLA2) with the greatest prognostic value. A system based on the combination HHLA2 and ICOSLG (B7-CD28 signature) was constructed to distinguish patients as high- or low-risk of an unfavorable outcome

which was further confirmed as an independent prognostic factor. As expected

the signature was well validated in the entire cohort and in the independent cohort

as well as in different clinical subgroups. The signature was found to be closely related to immune-specific biological processes and pathways. Additionally

high-risk group samples demonstrated high infiltration of Tregs and fibroblasts and distinctive immune checkpoint panels. Collectively

we built the first

practical B7-CD28 signature for ESCC that could independently identify high-risk patients. Such information may help inform immunotherapy-based treatment decisions for patients with ESCC.