Neuronal degeneration（ND） is a common aging neurodegenerative disorder that affects human’s memory and executive function. A number of studies have shown that ND involves extensive degenerative changes in the brain. Long-term exercise can im－prove corticocerebral functional activeness in aged people，which may have a potential physiological mechanism of promoting the ex－pression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampus region and further improve the cognitive function. This paper reviewed that effects of exercise on the function of different brain regions as well as its neurological mechanism，and improvement of effective exercise and loading on cognitive function.