Electroencephalogram（EEG）monitoring reflects the conscious state of the brain by recording electrical activity in the cerebral cortex，which has been widely used to guide the depth of anesthesia，and its relationship with the prognosis of patients has also been widely concerned. Studies have shown that EEG-guided anesthesia can accelerate the recovery of patients，however，its relationship with intraoperative awareness，postoperative neurocognitive disorders and postoperative mortality remains controversial. This article focused on the application of perioperative EEG monitoring in the field of anesthesia and discussed the research progress related to the prognosis of patients，which hope to provide theoretical support for the clinical application of EEG monitoring.