Schizophrenia is a group of severe mental disorders with unknown etiology. Since there are no biological markers to diagnose so far
the diagnosis of schizophrenia is mainly based on symptomatology. This article describes the diagnostic criteria and classification changes of schizophrenia in
International Statistical Classification of Disease and Health Problem
(ICD) and
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) diagnostic systems
in order to increase the understanding of the content of each diagnostic system by clinicians.
关键词
精神分裂症诊断标准分类
Keywords
schizophreniadiagnostic criteriaclassification
references
Jääskeläinen E, Juola P, Hirvonen N, et al. A systematic review and Meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia[J]. Schizophr Bull, 2012, 39:1296-1306.
Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, et al. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia[J]. PLoS Med, 2005; 2(5):e141.
Cloutier M, Aigbogun MS, Guerin A, et al. The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2013[J]. J Clin Psychiatry, 2016, 77(6):764-771.
Valle R. Schizophrenia in ICD-11: comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-5[J]. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment, 2020, 13(2):95-104.
World Health Organization. WHO releases new International Classification of Diseases(ICD-11)[EB/OL]. (2018-06-18)[2021-04-18]. http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/18-06-2018-who-releases-newinternational-classification-of-diseases-(icd-11)http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/18-06-2018-who-releases-newinternational-classification-of-diseases-(icd-11).
Tandon R, Nasrallah HA, Keshavan MS. Schizophrenia, “just the facts”4. Clinical features and conceptualization[J]. Schizophr Res, 2009, 110(1-3):1-23.
Cooper J, Kendell RE, Gurland BJ, et al. Psychiatric diagnosis in New York and London[M]. London: Oxford Univeristy Press, 1972.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-Ⅲ)[M]. 3rd edition. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1980.
Tandon R. The nosology of schizophrenia: toward DSM-5 and ICD-11[J]. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 2012, 35(3):557-569.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders.clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines[M]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
World Health Organization. ICD-11 international classification of diseases-mortality and morbidity statistics[M]. 11th Rev. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018.
Biedermann F, Fleischhacker WW. Psychotic disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-11[J]. CNS Spectr, 2016, 21(4):349-354.
Keeley JW, Gaebel W, First MB, et al. Psychotic disorder symptom rating scales: are dichotomous or multi-point scales more clinically useful?An ICD-11 field study[J]. Schizophr Res, 2018, 202:254-259.
Gaebel W, Zielasek J, Cleveland HR. Psychotic disorders in ICD-11[J]. Asian J Psychiatry, 2013, 6(3):263-265.
Fusar-Poli P, McGorry PD, Kane JM. Improving outcomes of firstepisode psychosis: an overview[J]. J World Psychiatr Assoc, 2017, 16(3):251-265.
Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Clinical criteria for psychiatric diagnosis and DSM-Ⅲ[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 1975, 132(11):1187-92.
Bhati MT. Defining psychosis: the evolution of DSM-5 schizophrenia spectrum disorders[J]. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2013, 15(11):409.
Blashfield R. An evaluation of the DSM-Ⅱclassification of schizophrenia as a nomenclature[J]. J Abnorm Psychol, 1973, 82(3):382-389.
Wilson M. DSM-Ⅲand the transformation of American psychiatry: a history[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 1993, 150(3):399-410.
Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, et al. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research[J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1972, 26(1):57-63.
Kendler KS, Muñoz RA, Murphy G. The development of the feighner criteria: a historical perspective[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 2010, 167(2):134-142.
Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Skodol AE. DSM-Ⅲ: the major achievements and an overview[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 1980, 137(2):151-164.
Spitzer RL, Andreasen NC, Endicott J. Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in DSM-Ⅲ[J]. Schizophr Bull, 1978, 4(4):489-510.
Kendler KS, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. Psychotic disorders in DSM-Ⅲ-R[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 1989, 146(8):953-962.
Spitzer RL. The structured clinical interview for DSM-Ⅲ-R(SCID)[J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1992, 49(8):624-629.
Adamson J. An appraisal of the DSM-Ⅲ system[J]. Can sychiatry, 1989, 34(4):303-310.
Compton WM, Guze SB. The neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis[J]. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci, 1995, 245(4-5):196-201.
美国精神医学学会, 张道龙. 精神障碍诊断与统计手册[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2016.
Adam D. Mental health: on the spectrum[J]. Nature, 2013, 496:416-418.
Tandon R. The nosology of schizophrenia[J]. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 2012, 35(3):557-569.
Braff DL, Ryan J, Rissling AJ, et al. Lack of use in the literature from the last 20 years supports dropping traditional schizophrenia subtypes from DSM-5 and ICD-11[J]. Schizophr Bull, 2013, 39(4):751-753.
Tandon R. DSM-5 dimensions of Schizophrenia enable measurement-based care to individualize pharmacological treatment[J]. Asian J Psychiatr, 2016, 24:A1-A2.
Heckers S, Barch DM, Bustillo J, et al. Structure of the psychotic disorders classification in DSM-5[J]. Schizophr Res, 2013, 150(1):11-14.
Carpenter WT, Tandon R. Psychotic disorders in DSM-5[J]. Asian J Psychiatr, 2013, 6(3):266-268.
Tandon R, Gaebel W, Barch DM, et al. Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5[J]. Schizophr Res, 2013, 150(1):3-10.