Renal fibrosis（RF） is an important pathway for the progression of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease. Many factors have been found to lead to RF. Stem cells are a kind of primitive undifferentiated cells with the potential of self-replication and multidirectional differentiation. With the increasing popularity of cell therapy，mesenchymal stem cell（MSC） become a promising cell type for the treatment of RF. MSC has a variety of differentiation capabilities and can release a variety of factors to regulate inflammatory and immune responses. In this paper，the factors affecting have been and the application of MSC in the treatment of RF have been reviewed，and the existing problems and prospects have been prospected.