Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury（CI-RI） is a very serious complication after ischemic stroke，which causes irreversible or permanent damage to the neurological function of patients and has a high disability rate and mortality. microRNAs（miRNAs） are small endogenous RNA molecules that inhibit the translation of target mRNAs and regulate the expression of at least one-third of the human genome by hybridizing with the 3'-UTR terminals of one or more mRNAs in a sequentially specific manner. In recent years，more and more studies have found that miRNAs can participate in the pathological process of CI-RI such as cell apoptosis，oxidative stress，neuroinflammation and so on by regulating the downstream target mRNAs，and play an important role in the injury or protection of nerve function. This paper reviews the research progress of miRNAs-mRNAs regulatory axis in the mechanism of CI-RI，and deepens the understanding of the mechanism of miRNAs in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.