
浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
1.河南中医药 大学第一附属医院康复诊疗中心,郑州 450003
2.河南中医药大学康复医学院,郑州 450046
3.河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,郑州 450046
医师,硕士。研究方向:脑卒中后各种功能障碍的中医药康复治疗。E-mail:renqd121@163.com
主任医师,博士。研究方向:中医药康复治疗临床和基础。E-mail:zhm7919@163.com
收稿:2026-05-15,
修回:2026-09-07,
录用:2026-09-09,
纸质出版:2026-10-30
移动端阅览
任琼迪,张铭,苏凯奇,等.醒脑开窍类中药治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的作用机制与临床应用 [J].中国药房,2026,37(20):2746-2752.
REN Qiongdi,ZHANG Ming,SU Kaiqi,et al.Mechanisms of action and clinical application of Xingnao kaiqiao-type traditional Chinese medicines for post-stroke cognitive impairment[J].ZHONGGUO YAOFANG,2026,37(20):2746-2752.
任琼迪,张铭,苏凯奇,等.醒脑开窍类中药治疗脑卒中后认知障碍的作用机制与临床应用 [J].中国药房,2026,37(20):2746-2752. DOI: 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2026.20.19.
REN Qiongdi,ZHANG Ming,SU Kaiqi,et al.Mechanisms of action and clinical application of Xingnao kaiqiao-type traditional Chinese medicines for post-stroke cognitive impairment[J].ZHONGGUO YAOFANG,2026,37(20):2746-2752. DOI: 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2026.20.19.
脑卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)是脑卒中后高发的严重并发症,中医认为其核心病机属本虚标实,风、痰、瘀胶结蒙蔽清窍、神机失用,醒脑开窍是针对性核心治法。本文综述了石菖蒲、郁金、远志、冰片、麝香等代表性醒脑开窍类中药的作用机制,及其复方、中成药治疗PSCI的临床应用进展。结果显示,这类中药可通过靶向调控血脑屏障通透性,抑制Toll样受体4/核因子κB、缺血脑组织高迁移率族蛋白B1等介导的神经炎症,激活脑源性神经营养因子/酪氨酸激酶受体B、环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)/蛋白激酶A/cAMP应答元件结合蛋白等通路增强突触可塑性,多途径改善认知功能。临床应用方面,石菖蒲、远志相关方药的证据链较完整,是改善认知障碍与日常生活能力的核心用药;郁金在合并血管危险因素的前驱阶段具有保护潜力;冰片通过改善血脑屏障功能增强复方疗效;麝香主要用于急性重症期。目前多数机制证据来自动物实验,直接针对PSCI人群的大样本高质量临床研究仍较匮乏,后续有待开展大样本多中心研究,并结合多组学、多模态影像技术进一步阐明其深层作用机制。
Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a highly prevalent severe complication after stroke. In traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), its core pathogenesis is characterized by deficiency in origin and excess in superfic
iality: wind, phlegm and blood stasis accumulate, cloud the clear orifices and lead to loss of mental activity, and Xingnao kaiqiao is the targeted principal treatment. This review summarizes the research progress on the pharmacological mechanisms of representative Xingnao kaiqiao-type TCM including
Acorus tatarinowii
,
Curcumae Radix
,
Polygala tenuifolia
, borneol and musk, as well as clinical applications of their related compound formulas and Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of PSCI. The results show that these TCM can improve cognitive function through multiple pathways: targeted regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability, inhibition of neuroinflammation mediated by Toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB, high mobility group protein B1 in ischemic brain tissue and other pathways, and activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein and other pathways to promote synaptic plasticity. In terms of clinical application, the evidence chains of formulas based on
Acorus tatarinowii
and
Polygala tenuifolia
are relatively complete, which are the core medications to improve cognitive function and activities of daily living;
Curcumae Radix
has protective potential in the prodromal stage with vascular risk factors; borneol enhances the curative effect of compound prescriptions by improving blood-brain barrier function; musk is mainly used in the acute severe stage. At present, most of the mechanism evidence comes from animal experiments, high-quality large-sample clinical studies directly targeting PSCI populations are still scarce. Subsequent large-sample multicenter studies are needed in the future, combined with multi-omics and multimodal imaging techniques to further clarify its deep-seated mechanism of action.
汪凯 , 董强 , 郁金泰 , 等 . 卒中后认知障碍管理专家共识2021 [J ] . 中国卒中杂志 , 2021 , 16 ( 4 ): 376 - 389 .
GBD 2023 Causes of Death Collaborators . Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations,1990-2023:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 [J ] . Lancet , 2025 , 406 ( 10513 ): 1811 - 1872 .
中国卒中学会血管性认知障碍分会 . 中国血管性认知障碍诊治指南: 2024版 [J ] . 中华医学杂志 , 2024 , 104 ( 31 ): 2881 - 2894 .
(清)叶天士 著. 临证指南医案 [M ] . 苏礼,整理. 北京 : 人民卫生出版社 , 2018 : 1 - 30 .
(清)沈金鳌 著. 杂病源流犀烛 [M ] . 田思胜,整理. 北京 : 人民卫生出版社 , 2023 : 350 .
卢志刚 , 杨昌明 , 孔祥辉 , 等 . 醒脑开窍中药治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用机制的研究进展 [J ] . 中国实验方剂学杂志 , 2021 , 27 ( 24 ): 235 - 242 .
张允岭 , 金香兰 , 孙林娟 , 等 . 血管性认知障碍的中医药诊治:整合传统智慧与现代科学的思考 [J ] . 科学通报 , 2025 , 70 ( 35 ): 5977 - 5989 .
Li Q Q , Xu F F , Zhang Q , et al . Effect of α-asarone on ethanol-induced learning and memory impairment in mice and its underlying mechanism [J ] . Life Sci , 2019 , 238 : 116898 .
Ning Z Q , Zhong X Q , Wu Y N , et al . β-Asarone improves cognitive impairment and alleviates autophagy in mice with vascular dementia via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway [J ] . Phytomedicine , 2024 , 123 : 155215 .
Zhu X , Quan Y Y , Yin Z J , et al . Sources,morphology,phytochemistry,pharmacology of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma,Curcumae Radix,and Curcumae Rhizoma:a review of the literature [J ] . Front Pharmacol , 2023 , 14 : 1229963 .
Gao Y Y , Zhuang Z , Lu Y , et al . Curcumin mitigates neuro-inflammation by modulating microglia polarization through inhibiting TLR4 axis signaling pathway following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage [J ] . Front Neurosci , 2019 , 13 : 1223 .
Jo S L , Yang H , Lee H W , et al . Curcumae Radix reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice with chronic neuroinflammation [J ] . Biomedicines , 2023 , 11 ( 8 ): 2107 .
Qi Y , Zhang J W , Zhang Y L , et al . Curcuma wenyujin extract alleviates cognitive deficits and restrains pyroptosis through PINK1/Parkin mediated autophagy in Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Phytomedicine , 2025 , 139 : 156482 .
Li X J , Liang L , Shi H X , et al . Neuroprotective effects of curdione against focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats [J ] . Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat , 2017 , 13 : 1733 - 1740 .
Li G F , Wu Q , Wang C , et al . Curcumin reverses cognitive deficits through promoting neurogenesis and synapse plasticity via the upregulation of PSD95 and BDNF in mice [J ] . Sci Rep , 2025 , 15 : 1135 .
Li Y H , Wu Y C , Li Y M , et al . Review of the traditional uses,phytochemistry,and pharmacology of Curcuma wen-yujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling [J ] . J Ethnopharmacol , 2021 , 269 : 113689 .
Zhao X , Cui Y L , Wu P , et al . Polygalae Radix:a review of its traditional uses,phytochemistry,pharmacology,toxicology,and pharmacokinetics [J ] . Fitoterapia , 2020 , 147 : 104759 .
Shen P P , Zhang L B , Jiang X W , et al . Polygala tenuifolia root extract attenuates ischemic stroke by inhibiting HMGB1 trigger neuroinflammation [J ] . Fitoterapia , 2025 , 180 : 106280 .
Cheong M H , Lee S R , Yoo H S , et al . Anti-inflammatory effects of Polygala tenuifolia root through inhibition of NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV 2 microglial cells [J ] . J Ethnopharmacol , 2011 , 137 ( 3 ): 1402 - 1408 .
Chen H Y , Zhong J , Li J X , et al . PTP70-2,a novel polysaccharide from Polygala tenuifolia ,prevents neuroinflammation and protects neurons by suppressing the TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway [J ] . Int J Biol Macromol , 2022 , 194 : 546 - 555 .
Park J H , Kim J S , Jang D S , et al . Effect of Polygala tenuifolia root extract on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion [J ] . Am J Chin Med , 2006 , 34 ( 1 ): 115 - 123 .
Chen Z , Yang Y , Han Y , et al . Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of senegenin,an effective compound originated from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia [J ] . Front Pharmacol , 2022 , 13 : 937333 .
Huang J N , Wang C Y , Wang X L , et al . Tenuigenin treatment improves behavioral Y-maze learning by enhancing synaptic plasticity in mice [J ] . Behav Brain Res , 2013 , 246 : 111 - 115 .
Li Y Y , Wu H R , Liu M X , et al . Polysaccharide from Polygala tenuifolia alleviates cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease mice by alleviating Aβ damage and targeting the ERK pathway [J ] . J Ethnopharmacol , 2024 , 321 : 117564 .
Xue W , Hu J F , Yuan Y H , et al . Polygalasaponin ⅩⅩⅩⅡ from Polygala tenuifolia root improves hippocampal-dependent learning and memory [J ] . Acta Pharmacol Sin , 2009 , 30 ( 9 ): 1211 - 1219 .
Li Y C , Li Y , Zhang Y N , et al . Muscone and (+)-borneol cooperatively strengthen CREB induction of claudin 5 in IL-1β-induced endothelium injury [J ] . Antioxidants , 2022 , 11 ( 8 ): 1455 .
Wang X , Liu J J , Zheng X R , et al . (+)-Borneol enhances the protective effect of edaravone against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by targeting OAT3/P-gp transporters for drug delivery into the brain [J ] . Phytomedicine , 2025 , 139 : 156521 .
Jin D , Wang F , Qu L J , et al . The distribution and expression of claudin-5 and occludin at the rat blood-optic nerve barrier after borneol treatment [J ] . Mol Biol Rep , 2011 , 38 ( 2 ): 913 - 920 .
Li S , Adamu A , Ye Y C , et al . (+)-Borneol inhibits neuroinflammation and M1 phenotype polarization of microglia in epileptogenesis through the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway [J ] . Front Neurosci , 2024 , 18 : 1497102 .
Xu L L , Gao Y R , Hu M , et al . Edaravone dexborneol protects cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury through activa-ting Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in mice [J ] . Fundam Clin Pharmacol , 2022 , 36 ( 5 ): 790 - 800 .
Zhang P , You S X , Ding X Y , et al . Protective effect and underlying mechanism of muscone on acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats [J ] . J Ethnopharmacol , 2023 , 308 : 116287 .
Wang G Y , Wang N , Liao H N . Effects of muscone on the expression of P-gp,MMP-9 on blood-brain barrier model in vitro [J ] . Cell Mol Neurobiol , 2015 , 35 ( 8 ): 1105 - 1115 .
Huang P , Sun H , Chen Y A , et al . Muscone enhances synaptic function in vascular dementia through activating BDNF-TrkB-NP2 signaling pathway [J ] . Int Immunopharmacol , 2025 , 149 : 114232 .
Ren W H , Zhao F C , Han Y R , et al . Muscone improves hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced neuronal injury by blocking HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway via modulating microRNA-142 [J ] . PeerJ , 2022 , 10 : e13523 .
周健 , 曹刚 , 任晶晶 . 复方菖蒲益智汤治疗中风后轻度认知功能障碍临床观察及对谷胱甘肽过氧化酶、脂质过氧化物的影响 [J ] . 辽宁中医杂志 , 2020 , 47 ( 12 ): 117 - 120 .
杨丽静 , 田军彪 , 刘学飞 , 等 . 复方菖蒲益智汤治疗中风后轻度认知功能障碍的临床研究 [J ] . 南京中医药大学学报 , 2017 , 33 ( 3 ): 235 - 238 .
苏适 . 补肾益智汤联合头皮针治疗脑卒中后认知障碍肾精亏虚证的临床研究 [J ] . 实用中西医结合临床 , 2024 , 24 ( 17 ): 25 - 28,36 .
刘媛 . 石菖蒲对脑血管性痴呆的益智研究 [J ] . 中国当代医药 , 2014 , 21 ( 20 ): 141 - 143 .
Ying D D , Zhao J T , Wang M Z , et al . The t herapeutic effects of Acorus tatarinowii volatile oil and electroacupuncture in post-stroke cognitive impairment patients:a clinical trial protocol [J ] . Brain Behav , 2025 , 15 ( 7 ): e70631 .
侯翰如 . 菖蒲郁金汤合抵当汤加减治疗血管性认知障碍(痰瘀阻窍证)的临床疗效观察 [D ] . 济南 : 山东中医药大学 , 2023 : 15 .
Rainey-Smith S R , Brown B M , Sohrabi H R , et al . Curcumin and cognition:a randomised,placebo-controlled,double-blind study of community-dwelling older adults [J ] . Br J Nutr , 2016 , 115 ( 12 ): 2106 - 2113 .
Oliver J M , Stoner L , Rowlands D S , et al . Novel form of curcumin improves endothelial function in young,healthy individuals:a double-blind placebo controlled study [J ] . J Nutr Metab , 2016 , 2016 : 1089653 .
杨鑫 , 许玉珉 , 闫化雨 , 等 . 石菖蒲-远志药对改善认知障碍的药理机制研究进展 [J ] . 中国药房 , 2025 , 36 ( 23 ): 3007 - 3011 .
杨洁 , 刘彦廷 . 开心散合剂治疗血管性痴呆临床观察 [J ] . 山西中医 , 2023 , 39 ( 9 ): 30 - 32 .
刘彦廷 , 蔡忠明 , 陈应柱 . 开心散治疗血管性痴呆疗效观察及对血清Livin的影响 [J ] . 山西中医 , 2015 , 31 ( 8 ): 14 - 16 .
巩俐 , 刘雪梅 , 陈宝鑫 , 等 . 中药注射液联合常规药物治疗卒中后认知障碍的网状Meta分析 [J ] . 药物评价研究 , 2025 , 48 ( 2 ): 510 - 525 .
黄平林 . 醒脑静注射液治疗脑梗死后轻度认知障碍的临床研究 [D ] . 广州 : 广州中医药大学 , 2011 : 22 .
胡纪可 , 胡婷 . 醒脑静注射液联合奥拉西坦对老年脑出血后认知功能障碍患者的临床疗效 [J ] . 中成药 , 2021 , 43 ( 11 ): 3028 - 3031,3232 .
Chen Z Z , Yu H , Ye D , et al . Therapeutic efficacy of Xingnaojing injection in conjunction with Ginkgo biloba extract in managing post-stroke cognitive impairment [J ] . IJPS , 2024 , 86 ( S2 ): 243 - 248 .
丁和正 , 赵雪征 , 陈希源 , 等 . 滋肾益髓针法联合复方麝香注射液治疗脑卒中后认知障碍效果观察 [J ] . 中华全科医学 , 2019 , 17 ( 3 ): 416 - 418,499 .
武雨幸 , 李祎 , 岳晓晴 , 等 . 安宫牛黄丸联合常规治疗对痰热内闭型脑出血患者神经功能恢复的影响:基于AMPK-PGC1α-NRF2通路的随机对照研究 [J ] . 中国临床药理学与治疗学 , 2025 , 30 ( 10 ): 1391 - 1399 .
李常度 , 蒋振亚 , 吴大容 , 等 . 麝香注射液穴位注射治疗血管性痴呆的临床随机对照研究 [J ] . 中国针灸 , 2000 , 20 ( 12 ): 709 - 712 .
国家中医药管理局办公室 . 国家中医药管理局办公室关于印发中风病(脑梗死)等92个病种中医临床路径和中医诊疗方案(2017年版)的通知 [EB/OL ] .( 2017-03-22 )[ 2026-05-10 ] . http://www.natcm.gov.cn/yizhengsi/gongzuodongtai/2018-03-24/2651.html http://www.natcm.gov.cn/yizhengsi/gongzuodongtai/2018-03-24/2651.html .
0
浏览量
0
下载量
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621