
浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
1.武汉大学中南医院内分泌科,武汉 430071
2.湖北省恩施市中心医院内分泌科,恩施 445000
3.中南大学湘雅医学院附属海口医院内分泌代谢科,海口 570208
王华蔚,Email:1498069861@qq.com,研究方向:代谢相关脂肪性肝病的临床与基础研究。
徐焱成,Email:xjl100901@whu.edu.cn。
收稿:2025-07-21,
修回:2025-12-31,
录用:2026-01-14,
纸质出版:2026-10-27
移动端阅览
王华蔚, 代喆, 殷元万, 等. MAFLD异质性与相关脂代谢机制:从分型认知到精准治疗[J/OL]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026,1-7.
Wang Huawei,Dai Zhe,Yin Yuanwan,et al.Heterogeneity of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and related lipid metabolism mechanisms:from subtyping to precise treatment[J].Journal of Chongqing Medical University,
王华蔚, 代喆, 殷元万, 等. MAFLD异质性与相关脂代谢机制:从分型认知到精准治疗[J/OL]. 重庆医科大学学报, 2026,1-7. DOI:
Wang Huawei,Dai Zhe,Yin Yuanwan,et al.Heterogeneity of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and related lipid metabolism mechanisms:from subtyping to precise treatment[J].Journal of Chongqing Medical University, DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb..
代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)是最常见的慢性肝病,其临床表现、病理进展及治疗反应均存在明显异质性。近年来,随着多组学技术的发展,脂代谢在MAFLD发生发展中的核心作用逐渐明确。本文围绕MAFLD的脂代谢机制异质性,系统梳理了脂肪酸摄取、肝脏脂肪从头合成(de novo lipogenesis,DNL)、脂滴稳态、极低密度脂蛋白(very low-density lipoprotein,VLDL)分泌、脂肪酸氧化等5个代谢通路在不同患者中的变异模式,并结合遗传因素、免疫炎症状态及组学分型研究,阐明脂代谢通路如何驱动MAFLD的功能分型和临床表型分化。在此基础上,本文进一步总结了各类代谢亚型对应的精准治疗策略,包括乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)/硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1,SCD1)抑制剂、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,PPAR)激动剂、法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)调节剂、抗氧化及抗炎干预等,同时强调生活方式干预在不同亚型中的基础作用和协同潜力。未来应构建基于机制的多组学分型模型,推进个体化治疗策略在临床实践中的”转化。深入理解脂代谢的异质性机制,将为MAFLD的精准分型与干预提供坚实基础。
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD) has become the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide,with substantial heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations,disease progression,and treatment response. With the development of multi-omics technologies in recent years,the core role of lipid metabolism in the development and progression of MAFLD has gradually been clarified. With a focus on the heterogeneity in lipid metabolism mechanisms in MAFLD,this article systematically summarizes the variations of five major lipid metabolic pathways across patients with different MAFLD subtypes,i.e.,fatty acid uptake,
de novo
lipogenesis,lipid droplet homeostasis,very-low-density lipoprotein secretion,and fatty acid oxidation,and it also elaborates on how lipid metabolic pathways help to shape functional subtypes of MAFLD and drive clinical phenotyping based on genetic factors,immune-inflammatory responses,and spatial transcriptomic patterns. Based on current evidence,this article further summarizes precise treatment strategies for each metabolic subtype,including acetyl-CoA carboxylase/stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibitors,peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor agonists,farnesoid X receptor regulators,antioxidants,and anti-inflammatory agents,and the article also emphasizes the basic role and synergistic effect of lifestyle interventions in different metabolic subtypes. In the future,multi-omics typing models should be established based on related mechanisms to promote the application of individualized management strategies in clinical practice
.. A deep understanding of the heterogeneity mechanism of lipid metabolism may lay a solid foundation for precise typing and intervention of MAFLD.
Fan JG , Xu XY , Yang RX , et al . Guideline for the prevention and treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(version 2024) [J ] . J Clin Transl Hepatol , 2024 , 12 ( 11 ): 955 - 974 .
Eslam M , Sanyal AJ , George J . MAFLD:a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease [J ] . Gastroenterology , 2020 , 158 ( 7 ): 1999 - 2014 .
Chan KE , Koh TJL , Tang ASP , et al . Global prevalence and clinical characteristics of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease:a meta-analysis and systematic review of 10 739 607 individuals [J ] . J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 2022 , 107 ( 9 ): 2691 - 2700 .
Rojas Á , Lara-Romero C , Muñoz-Hernández R , et al . Emerging pharmacological treatment options for MAFLD [J ] . Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab , 2022 , 13 : 20420188221142452 .
Kolodziejczyk AA , Zheng DP , Shibolet O , et al . The role of the microbiome in NAFLD and NASH [J ] . EMBO Mol Med , 2019 , 11 ( 2 ): e9302 .
Mashek DG . Hepatic lipid droplets:A balancing act between energy storage and metabolic dysfunction in NAFLD [J ] . Mol Metab , 2021 , 50 : 101115 .
Carotti S , Aquilano K , Valentini F , et al . An overview of deregulated lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with special focus on lysosomal acid lipase [J ] . Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , 2020 , 319 ( 4 ): 469 - 480 .
Hoang SA , Oseini A , Feaver RE , et al . Gene expression predicts histological severity and reveals distinct molecular profiles of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Sci Rep , 2019 , 9 ( 1 ): 12541 .
Govaere O , Hasoon M , Alexander L , et al . A proteo-transcriptomic map of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease signatures [J ] . Nat Metab , 2023 , 5 ( 4 ): 572 - 578 .
Younossi ZM , Koenig AB , Abdelatif D , et al . Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence,incidence,and outcomes [J ] . Hepatology , 2016 , 64 ( 1 ): 73 - 84 .
Lim JW , Dillon J , Miller M . Proteomic and genomic studies of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:clues in the pathogenesis [J ] . World J Gastroenterol , 2014 , 20 ( 26 ): 8325 - 8340 .
Han SK , Baik SK , Kim MY . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:Definition and subtypes [J ] . Clin Mol Hepatol , 2023 , 29 ( Suppl ): S5 - S16 .
Loomba R , Abraham M , Unalp A , et al . Association between diabetes,family history of diabetes,and risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis [J ] . Hepatology , 2012 , 56 ( 3 ): 943 - 951 .
Sanyal AJ , Williams SA , Lavine JE , et al . Defining the serum proteomic signature of hepatic steatosis,inflammation,ballooning and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . J Hepatol , 2023 , 78 ( 4 ): 693 - 703 .
Deprince A , Haas JT , Staels B . Dysregulated lipid metabolism links NAFLD to cardiovascular disease [J ] . Mol Metab , 2020 , 42 : 101092 .
Romeo S , Sanyal A , Valenti L . Leveraging human genetics to identify potential new treatments for fatty liver disease [J ] . Cell Metab , 2020 , 31 ( 1 ): 35 - 45 .
Sherman DJ , Liu L , Mamrosh JL , et al . The fatty liver disease-causing protein PNPLA3-I148M alters lipid droplet-Golgi dynamics [J ] . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 2024 , 121 ( 18 ): e2318619121 .
Cherubini A , Casirati E , Tomasi M , et al . PNPLA3 as a therapeutic target for fatty liver disease:the evidence to date [J ] . Expert Opin Ther Targets , 2021 , 25 ( 12 ): 1033 - 1043 .
Johnson SM , Bao HM , McMahon CE , et al . PNPLA3 is a triglyceride lipase that mobilizes polyunsaturated fatty acids to facilitate hepatic secretion of large-sized very low-density lipoprotein [J ] . Nat Commun , 2024 , 15 ( 1 ): 4847 .
Luo F , Smagris E , Martin SA , et al . Hepatic TM6SF 2 is required for lipidation of VLDL in a pre-Golgi compartment in mice and rats [J ] . Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol , 2022 , 13 ( 3 ): 879 - 899 .
Scorletti E , Carr RM . A new perspective on NAFLD:Focusing on lipid droplets [J ] . J Hepatol , 2022 , 76 ( 4 ): 934 - 945 .
Stefano JT , Duarte SMB , Ribeiro Leite Altikes RG , et al . Non-pharmacological management options for MAFLD:a practical guide [J ] . Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab , 2023 , 14 : 20420188231160394 .
DiStefano JK . NAFLD and NASH in postmenopausal women:implications for diagnosis and treatment [J ] . Endocrinology , 2020 , 161 ( 10 ): bqaa134 .
Chen HL , Liu YX , Liu D , et al . Sex- and age-specific associations between abdominal fat and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:a prospective cohort study [J ] . J Mol Cell Biol , 2024 , 15 ( 11 ): mjad069 .
Badmus OO , Hillhouse SA , Anderson CD , et al . Molecular mechanisms of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD):functional analysis of lipid metabolism pathways [J ] . Clin Sci , 2022 , 136 ( 18 ): 1347 - 1366 .
Donnelly KL , Smith CI , Schwarzenberg SJ , et al . Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . J Clin Invest , 2005 , 115 ( 5 ): 1343 - 1351 .
Bo T , Gao L , Yao ZY , et al . Hepatic selective insulin resistance at the intersection of insulin signaling and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease [J ] . Cell Metab , 2024 , 36 ( 5 ): 947 - 968 .
Ameer F , Scandiuzzi L , Hasnain S , et al . De novo lipogenesis in health and disease [J ] . Metabolism , 2014 , 63 ( 7 ): 895 - 902 .
Lu J , Guo J , Liu J , et al . Long non-coding RNA MALAT1:a key player in liver diseases [J ] . Front Med , 2022 , 8 : 734643 .
Matchett KP , Paris J , Teichmann SA , et al . Spatial genomics:mapping human steatotic liver disease [J ] . Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , 2024 , 21 ( 9 ): 646 - 660 .
Svegliati-Baroni G , Pierantonelli I , Torquato P , et al . Lipidomic biomarkers and mechanisms of lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Free Radic Biol Med , 2019 , 144 : 293 - 309 .
Liu J , Ginsberg HN , Reyes-Soffer G . Basic and translational evidence supporting the role of TM6SF 2 in VLDL metabolism [J ] . Curr Opin Lipidol , 2024 , 35 ( 3 ): 157 - 161 .
Carlsson B , Lindén D , Brolén G , et al . Review article:the emerging role of genetics in precision medicine for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [J ] . Aliment Pharmacol Ther , 2020 , 51 ( 12 ): 1305 - 1320 .
Newberry EP , Hall Z , Xie Y , et al . Liver-specific deletion of mouse Tm6sf2 promotes steatosis,fibrosis,and hepatocellular cancer [J ] . Hepatology , 2021 , 74 ( 3 ): 1203 - 1219 .
Borén J , Adiels M , Björnson E , et al . Effects of TM6SF 2 E167K on hepatic lipid and very low-density lipoprotein metabolism in humans [J ] . JCI Insight , 2020 , 5 ( 24 ): e144079 .
Anwar SD , Foster C , Ashraf A . Lipid disorders and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease [J ] . Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am , 2023 , 52 ( 3 ): 445 - 457 .
Ipsen DH , Lykkesfeldt J , Tveden-Nyborg P . Molecular mechanisms of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Cell Mol Life Sci , 2018 , 75 ( 18 ): 3313 - 3327 .
Tanaka N , Moriya K , Kiyosawa K , et al . PPARalpha activation is essential for HCV core protein-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice [J ] . J Clin Invest , 2008 , 118 ( 2 ): 683 - 694 .
Gallage S , Ali A , Barragan Avila JE , et al . A 5:2 intermittent fasting regimen ameliorates NASH and fibrosis and blunts HCC development via hepatic PPARα and PCK1 [J ] . Cell Metab , 2024 , 36 ( 6 ): 1371 - 1393 .
Dahboul F , Sun JH , Buchard B , et al . Simultaneous activation of beta-oxidation and de novo lipogenesis in MASLD-HCC:a new paradigm [J ] . Liver Int , 2025 , 45 ( 2 ): e70006 .
Bessone F , Razori MV , Roma MG . Molecular pathways of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development and progression [J ] . Cell Mol Life Sci , 2019 , 76 ( 1 ): 99 - 128 .
Schuster S , Cabrera D , Arrese M , et al . Triggering and resolution of inflammation in NASH [J ] . Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , 2018 , 15 ( 6 ): 349 - 364 .
Smith GI , Shankaran M , Yoshino M , et al . Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . J Clin Invest , 2020 , 130 ( 3 ): 1453 - 1460 .
Ter Horst KW , Vatner DF , Zhang DY , et al . Hepatic insulin resistance is not pathway selective in humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Diabetes Care , 2021 , 44 ( 2 ): 489 - 498 .
Chen YH , Du XM , Kuppa A , et al . Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 17 loci associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Nat Genet , 2023 , 55 ( 10 ): 1640 - 1650 .
Romeo S , Kozlitina J , Xing C , et al . Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Nat Genet , 2008 , 40 ( 12 ): 1461 - 1465 .
Tavaglione F , Pennisi G , Pelusi S . PNPLA3 I148M and hepatocellular carcinoma [J ] . Liver Int , 2025 , 45 ( 4 ): e70051 .
Urias E , Tedesco NR , Burkholder DA , et al . PNPLA3 risk allele is associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma but not decompensation in compensated cirrhosis [J ] . Hepatol Commun , 2024 , 8 ( 6 ): e0441 .
Minehira K , Young SG , Villanueva CJ , et al . Blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis but does not affect peripheral lipid stores or insulin sensitivity in mice [J ] . J Lipid Res , 2008 , 49 ( 9 ): 2038 - 2044 .
Rong X , Wang B , Dunham MM , et al . Lpcat3-dependent production of arachidonoyl phospholipids is a key determinant of triglyceride secretion [J ] . Elife , 2015 , 4 : e06557 .
Valenti L , Dongiovanni P , Ginanni Corradini S , et al . PNPLA3 I148M variant and hepatocellular carcinoma:a common genetic variant for a rare disease [J ] . Dig Liver Dis , 2013 , 45 ( 8 ): 619 - 624 .
Bruschi FV , Claudel T , Tardelli M , et al . The PNPLA3 I148M variant modulates the fibrogenic phenotype of human hepatic stellate cells [J ] . Hepatology , 2017 , 65 ( 6 ): 1875 - 1890 .
Kozlitina J , Smagris E , Stender S , et al . Exome-wide association study identifies a TM6SF 2 variant that confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Nat Genet , 2014 , 46 ( 4 ): 352 - 356 .
Wang H , Mehal W , Nagy LE , et al . Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets of fatty liver diseases [J ] . Cell Mol Immunol , 2021 , 18 ( 1 ): 73 - 91 .
Xu XH , Poulsen KL , Wu LJ , et al . Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis(NAFL/NASH) [J ] . Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2022 , 7 ( 1 ): 287 .
Alkhouri N , Lawitz E , Noureddin M , et al . GS-0976 (Firsocostat):an investigational liver-directed acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC) inhibitor for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) [J ] . Expert Opin Investig Drugs , 2020 , 29 ( 2 ): 135 - 141 .
Wang W , Kong YL , Wang X , et al . Identification of novel SCD1 inhibitor alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:critical role of liver-adipose axis [J ] . Cell Commun Signal , 2023 , 21 ( 1 ): 268 .
Kirad S , Puri S , Deepa PR , et al . An insight into advances and challenges in the development of potential stearoyl Co-a desaturase 1 inhibitors [J ] . RSC Adv , 2024 , 14 ( 41 ): 30487 - 30517 .
Green CJ , Pramfalk C , Charlton CA , et al . Hepatic de novo lipogenesis is suppressed and fat oxidation is increased by omega-3 fatty acids at the expense of glucose metabolism [J ] . BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care , 2020 , 8 ( 1 ): e000871 .
Calder PC . Omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic partitioning of fatty acids within the liver in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J ] . Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , 2022 , 25 ( 4 ): 248 - 255 .
Wang XM , Wang JY , Ying C , et al . Fenofibrate alleviates NAFLD by enhancing the PPARα/PGC-1α signaling pathway coupling mitochondrial function [J ] . BMC Pharmacol Toxicol , 2024 , 25 ( 1 ): 7 .
Mahmoudi A , Jamialahmadi T , Johnston TP , et al . Impact of fenofibrate on NAFLD/NASH:A genetic perspective [J ] . Drug Discov Today , 2022 , 27 ( 8 ): 2363 - 2372 .
Keam SJ . Resmetirom:first approval [J ] . Drugs , 2024 , 84 ( 6 ): 729 - 735 .
Sookoian S , Pirola CJ . Resmetirom for treatment of MASH [J ] . Cell , 2024 , 187 ( 12 ): 2897 - 2897 .
Petta S , Targher G , Romeo S , et al . The first MASH drug therapy on the horizon:Current perspectives of resmetirom [J ] . Liver Int , 2024 , 44 ( 7 ): 1526 - 1536 .
Romero-Gómez M , Zelber-Sagi S , Trenell M . Treatment of NAFLD with diet,physical activity and exercise [J ] . J Hepatol , 2017 , 67 ( 4 ): 829 - 846 .
Stavropoulos K , Imprialos K , Pittaras A , et al . Lifestyle modifications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non- alcoholic steatohepatitis [J ] . Curr Vasc Pharmacol , 2018 , 16 ( 3 ): 239 - 245 .
Hydes TJ , Ravi S , Loomba R , et al . Evidence-based clinical advice for nutrition and dietary weight loss strategies for the management of NAFLD and NASH [J ] . Clin Mol Hepatol , 2020 , 26 ( 4 ): 383 - 400 .
Haigh L , Kirk C , El Gendy K , et al . The effectiveness and acceptability of Mediterranean diet and calorie restriction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD):A systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Clin Nutr , 2022 , 41 ( 9 ): 1913 - 1931 .
Sun XY , Li F , Yan HM , et al . Intermittent compared with continuous calorie restriction for treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease:a randomized clinical trial [J ] . Am J Clin Nutr , 2025 , 121 ( 1 ): 158 - 166 .
Fan Y , Qian H , Zhang MJ , et al . Caloric restriction remodels the hepatic chromatin landscape and bile acid metabolism by modulating the gut microbiota [J ] . Genome Biol , 2023 , 24 ( 1 ): 98 .
Martinez-Lopez N , Tarabra E , Toledo M , et al . System-wide benefits of intermeal fasting by autophagy [J ] . Cell Metab , 2017 , 26 ( 6 ): 856 - 871 .
Worthmann A , Ridder J , Piel SYL , et al . Fatty acid synthesis suppresses dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid use [J ] . Nat Commun , 2024 , 15 ( 1 ): 45 .
Di Giosia P , Stamerra CA , Giorgini P , et al . The role of nutrition in inflammaging [J ] . Ageing Res Rev , 2022 , 77 : 101596 .
Katsagoni CN , Papatheodoridis GV , Ioannidou P , et al . Improvements in clinical characteristics of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,after an intervention based on the Mediterranean lifestyle:a randomised controlled clinical trial [J ] . Br J Nutr , 2018 , 120 ( 2 ): 164 - 175 .
Pugliese N , De Deo D , Soleri M , et al . Lights and shadows of a vegetarian diet in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease [J ] . Nutrients , 2025 , 17 ( 10 ): 1644 .
Chiarioni G , Popa SL , Dalbeni A , et al . Vegan diet advice might benefit liver enzymes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:an open observational pilot study [J ] . J Gastrointestin Liver Dis , 2021 , 30 ( 1 ): 81 - 87 .
Daskova N , Heczkova M , Modos I , et al . Protective effect of vegan microbiota on liver steatosis is conveyed by dietary fiber:implications for fecal microbiota transfer therapy [J ] . Nutrients , 2023 , 15 ( 2 ): 454 .
Armandi A , Bugianesi E . Dietary and pharmacological treatment in patients with metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease [J ] . Eur J Intern Med , 2024 , 122 : 20 - 27 .
Hashida R , Kawaguchi T , Bekki M , et al . Aerobic vs . resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:A systematic review [J ] . J Hepatol , 2017 , 66 ( 1 ): 142 - 152 .
0
浏览量
5
下载量
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621