
浏览全部资源
扫码关注微信
1.河南大学第一附属医院检验科,开封 475000
2.重庆大学医学院智慧检验与分子医学中心,重庆 400044
李益灿,Email:liyican@hene.edu.cn,研究方向:阿尔茨海默病的诊断和治疗。
王 丽,Email:wangli851217@163.com。
收稿:2025-06-26,
修回:2025-07-30,
录用:2025-09-30,
网络出版:2025-11-25,
移动端阅览
李益灿,马瑶,石林可等.外泌体在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的应用进展[J].重庆医科大学学报,
Li Yican,Ma Yao,Shi Linke,et al.Research advances in application of exosomes for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease[J].Journal of Chongqing Medical University,
李益灿,马瑶,石林可等.外泌体在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的应用进展[J].重庆医科大学学报, DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb..
Li Yican,Ma Yao,Shi Linke,et al.Research advances in application of exosomes for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease[J].Journal of Chongqing Medical University, DOI:10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb..
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)作为一种退行性中枢神经系统病变,目前尚无有效治疗手段,其早发现、早诊断、早干预对延缓病程十分重要。外泌体是细胞分泌的一类广泛存在于体液中、携带多种生物信息分子的微小囊泡,已成为新兴的液体活检标志物。脑源性外泌体跨过血脑屏障进入外周血,富含与AD发生发展密切相关的特征性蛋白质、核酸等生物分子,对其进行有效的识别检测为AD提供了一种非入侵的早期诊断方法。本文围绕外泌体在AD发生发展的分子机制及检测诊断新技术进展进行综述,探讨体液外泌体在AD早期诊断中的应用价值与前景。
Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that lacks effective treatments. Early detection,diagnosis,and intervention are therefore critical for delaying disease progression. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by cells that are widely present in bodily fluids and carry various biomolecular markers,making them emerging liquid biopsy markers. Brain-derived exosomes enter the peripheral circulation by passing through the blood-brain barrier. They carry a large quantity of biomolecules,such as characteristic proteins and nucleic acids,which are closely associated with the development and progression of AD. The effective identification and detection of such molecules provide a non-invasive method for early AD diagnosis. This review focuses on the role of exosomes in the molecular mechanisms of development and progression of AD as well as technological advances in the detection and diagnosis of the disease,exploring the application value and prospects of body fluid exosomes in the early diagnosis of AD.
王 刚 , 齐金蕾 , 刘馨雅 , 等 . 中国阿尔茨海默病报告2024 [J ] . 诊断学理论与实践 , 2024 , 23 ( 3 ): 219 - 256 .
Wang G , Qi JL , Liu XY , et al . China Alzheimer report 2024 [J ] . J Diagn Concepts Pract , 2024 , 23 ( 3 ): 219 - 256 .
Khan S , Barve KH , Kumar MS . Recent advancements in pathogenesis,diagnostics and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Curr Neuropharmacol , 2020 , 18 ( 11 ): 1106 - 1125 .
Jack Jr CR , Andrews JS , Beach TG , et al . Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s Association Workgroup [J ] . Alzheimers Dement , 2024 , 20 ( 8 ): 5143 - 5169 .
Graff-Radford J , Yong KXX , Apostolova LG , et al . New insights into atypical Alzheimer’s disease in the era of biomarkers [J ] . Lancet Neurol , 2021 , 20 ( 3 ): 222 - 234 .
Olsson B , Lautner R , Andreasson U , et al . CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Lancet Neurol , 2016 , 15 ( 7 ): 673 - 684 .
Picciolini S , Gualerzi A , Vanna R , et al . Detection and characterization of different brain-derived subpopulations of plasma exosomes by surface plasmon resonance imaging [J ] . Anal Chem , 2018 , 90 ( 15 ): 8873 - 8880 .
Nigro A , Colombo F , Casella G , et al . Myeloid extracellular vesicles: messengers from the demented brain [J ] . Front Immunol , 2016 , 7 : 17 .
Woodman PG , Futter CE . Multivesicular bodies: co-ordinated progression to maturity [J ] . Curr Opin Cell Biol , 2008 , 20 ( 4 ): 408 - 414 .
Mulcahy LA , Pink RC , Carter DRF . Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake [J ] . J Extracell Vesicles , 2014 , 4 : 3 .
Yousif G , Qadri S , Parray A , et al . Exosomes derived neuronal markers: immunoaffinity isolation and characterization [J ] . Neuromolecular Med , 2022 , 24 ( 3 ): 339 - 351 .
DeTure MA , Dickson DW . The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Mol Neurodegener , 2019 , 14 ( 1 ): 32 .
Reiss AB , Arain HA , Stecker MM , et al . Amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Rev Neurosci , 2018 , 29 ( 6 ): 613 - 627 .
Chong FP , Ng KY , Koh RY , et al . Tau proteins and tauopathies in Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Cell Mol Neurobiol , 2018 , 38 ( 5 ): 965 - 980 .
Sardar Sinha M , Ansell-Schultz A , Civitelli L , et al . Alzheimer’s disease pathology propagation by exosomes containing toxic amyloid-beta oligomers [J ] . Acta Neuropathol , 2018 , 136 ( 1 ): 41 - 56 .
Wang YP , Balaji V , Kaniyappan S , et al . The release and trans-synaptic transmission of Tau via exosomes [J ] . Mol Neurodegener , 2017 , 12 ( 1 ): 5 .
Asai H , Ikezu S , Tsunoda S , et al . Depletion of microglia and inhibition of exosome synthesis halt tau propagation [J ] . Nat Neurosci , 2015 , 18 ( 11 ): 1584 - 1593 .
Gayen M , Bhomia M , Balakathiresan N , et al . Exosomal microRNAs released by activated astrocytes as potential neuroinflammatory biomarkers [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2020 , 21 ( 7 ). DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072312 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072312 .
Zhang YD , Miao YY , Xiong XY , et al . Microglial exosomes alleviate intermittent hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome [J ] . Biol Direct , 2023 , 18 ( 1 ): 29 .
Huang S , Liao XL , Wu JY , et al . The Microglial membrane receptor TREM2 mediates exosome secretion to promote phagocytosis of amyloid-β by microglia [J ] . FEBS Lett , 2022 , 596 ( 8 ): 1059 - 1071 .
Deng ZT , Wang JQ , Xiao Y , et al . Ultrasound-mediated augmented exosome release from astrocytes alleviates amyloid-β-induced neurotoxicity [J ] . Theranostics , 2021 , 11 ( 9 ): 4351 - 4362 .
An K , Klyubin I , Kim Y , et al . Exosomes neutralize synaptic-plasticity-disrupting activity of Aβ assemblies in vivo [J ] . Mol Brain , 2013 , 6 : 47 .
Ge XT , Guo MT , Hu TP , et al . Increased microglial exosomal miR-124-3p alleviates neurodegeneration and improves cognitive outcome after rmTBI [J ] . Mol Ther , 2020 , 28 ( 2 ): 503 - 522 .
Dong ZW , Gu HJ , Guo Q , et al . Circulating small extracellular vesicle-derived miR-342-5p ameliorates beta-amyloid formation via targeting beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 in Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Cells , 2022 , 11 ( 23 ): 3830 .
Xing WM , Gao WY , Lv XL , et al . The diagnostic value of exosome-derived biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis [J ] . Front Aging Neurosci , 2021 , 13 : 637218 .
Zhang X , Liu HY , Huang YY , et al . A meta-analysis of neurogenic exosomes in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Heliyon , 2023 , 9 ( 10 ): e20604 .
Kim KY , Shin KY , Chang KA . Brain-derived exosomal proteins as effective biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Biomolecules , 2021 , 11 ( 7 ): 980 .
Jia LF , Qiu QQ , Zhang H , et al . Concordance between the assessment of Aβ42,T-tau,and P-T181-tau in peripheral blood neuronal-derived exosomes and cerebrospinal fluid [J ] . Alzheimers Dement , 2019 , 15 ( 8 ): 1071 - 1080 .
Ribeiro FC , Cozachenco D , Heimfarth L , et al . Synaptic proteasome is inhibited in Alzheimer’s disease models and associates with memory impairment in mice [J ] . Commun Biol , 2023 , 6 ( 1 ): 1127 .
Jia LF , Zhu M , Kong CJ , et al . Blood neuro-exosomal synaptic proteins predict Alzheimer’s disease at the asymptomatic stage [J ] . Alzheimers Dement , 2021 , 17 ( 1 ): 49 - 60 .
Liu WL , Lin HW , He XJ , et al . Neurogranin as a cognitive biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid and blood exosomes for Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment [J ] . Transl Psychiatry , 2020 , 10 ( 1 ): 125 .
Cai HM , Pang YN , Wang Q , et al . Proteomic profiling of circulating plasma exosomes reveals novel biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Alzheimers Res Ther , 2022 , 14 ( 1 ): 181 .
Visconte C , Fenoglio C , Serpente M , et al . Altered extracellular vesicle miRNA profile in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2023 , 24 ( 19 ): 4749 .
Sbriscia M , Spadoni T , Ambrogini P , et al . miR-132-3p is down-regulated in plasma and CD171 + extracellular vesicles isolated from patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Mech Ageing Dev , 2025 , 225 : 112063 .
Yang TT , Liu CG , Gao SC , et al . The serum exosome derived microRNA-135a,-193b,and-384 were potential Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers [J ] . Biomed Environ Sci , 2018 , 31 ( 2 ): 87 - 96 .
Wang DW , Wang P , Bian XL , et al . Elevated plasma levels of exosomal BACE1-AS combined with the volume and thickness of the right entorhinal cortex may serve as a biomarker for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Mol Med Rep , 2020 , 22 ( 1 ): 227 - 238 .
Fotuhi SN , Khalaj-Kondori M , Ali Hoseinpour Feizi M , et al . Long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS may serve as an Alzheimer’s disease blood-based biomarker [J ] . J Mol Neurosci , 2019 , 69 ( 3 ): 351 - 359 .
Su LN , Li RQ , Zhang ZQ , et al . Identification of altered exosomal microRNAs and mRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Ageing Res Rev , 2022 , 73 : 101497 .
Janelidze S , Barthélemy NR , Salvadó G , et al . Plasma phosphorylated tau 217 and Aβ42/40 to predict early brain aβ accumulation in people without cognitive impairment [J ] . JAMA Neurol , 2024 , 81 ( 9 ): 947 - 957 .
Winslow JW , Martone RL , Badal YW , et al . Clinical performance of the beta-amyloid 1-42/1-40 ratio determined from automated Lumipulse G1200 cerebrospinal fluid Abeta1-42 and Abeta1-40 assays,assessed by concordance with PET imaging status [J ] . Alzheimers Dement , 2021 , 17 ( S5 ): e057725 .
Wojdała AL , Bellomo G , Gaetani L , et al . Immunoassay detection of multiphosphorylated tau proteoforms as cerebrospinal fluid and plasma Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers [J ] . Nat Commun , 2025 , 16 ( 1 ): 214 .
Park JE , Gunasekaran TI , Cho YH , et al . Diagnostic blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Biomedicines , 2022 , 10 ( 1 ): 169 .
Liu CG , Zhao Y , Lu Y , et al . ABCA1-labeled exosomes in serum contain higher microRNA-193b levels in Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Biomed Res Int , 2021 , 2021 : 5450397 .
Hu S , Zhang LD , Su Y , et al . Sensitive detection of multiple blood biomarkers via immunomagnetic exosomal PCR for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Sci Adv , 2024 , 10 ( 13 ): eabm3088 .
Zhou J , Sun YW , Zhang J , et al . Dumbbell aptamer sensor based on dual biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . ACS Appl Mater Interfaces , 2023 , 15 ( 13 ): 16394 - 16407 .
Li JH , Ni W , Jin D , et al . Nanosensor-driven detection of neuron-derived exosomal Aβ42 with graphene electrolyte-gated transistor for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis [J ] . Anal Chem , 2023 , 95 ( 13 ): 5719 - 5728 .
Song S , Lee JU , Jeon MJ , et al . Precise profiling of exosomal biomarkers via programmable curved plasmonic nanoarchitecture-based biosensor for clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Biosens Bioelectron , 2023 , 230 : 115269 .
Song S , Lee JU , Jeon MJ , et al . Detection of multiplex exosomal miRNAs for clinically accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease using label-free plasmonic biosensor based on DNA-Assembled advanced plasmonic architecture [J ] . Biosens Bioelectron , 2022 , 199 : 113864 .
Lin SP , Lee WJ , Sun MC , et al . Nano-brush structure for rapid label-free differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease stages and direct capture of neuron-derived exosomes from human blood plasma [J ] . ACS Appl Mater Interfaces , 2023 , 15 ( 48 ): 56478 - 56489 .
Mun B , Kim R , Jeong H , et al . An immuno-magnetophoresis-based microfluidic chip to isolate and detect HER2-Positive cancer-derived exosomes via multiple separation [J ] . Biosens Bioelectron , 2023 , 239 : 115592 .
Wang YD , Mao ZH , Chen Q , et al . Rapid and sensitive detection of PD-L1 exosomes using Cu-TCPP 2D MOF as a SPR sensitizer [J ] . Biosens Bioelectron , 2022 , 201 : 113954 .
Banik M , Ledray AP , Wu YT , et al . Delivering DNA aptamers across the blood-brain barrier reveals heterogeneous decreased ATP in different brain regions of Alzheimer’s disease mouse models [J ] . ACS Cent Sci , 2024 , 10 ( 8 ): 1585 - 1593 .
Choi H , Kim MY , Kim DH , et al . Quantitative biodistribution and pharmacokinetics study of GMP-grade exosomes labeled with (89)Zr radioisotope in mice and rats [J ] . Pharmaceutics , 2022 , 14 ( 6 ): 1118 .
Yuyama K , Igarashi Y . Linking glycosphingolipids to Alzheimer’s amyloid-ß: extracellular vesicles and functional plant materials [J ] . Glycoconj J , 2022 , 39 ( 5 ): 613 - 618 .
Na H , Shin KY , Lee D , et al . The QPLEX™ plus assay kit for the early clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2023 , 24 ( 13 ): 1119 .
Yin LL , Han XY , Guo FL , et al . An all-in-one nanohole array for size-exclusive trapping and high-throughput digital counting of single extracellular vesicles for non-invasive cancer screening [J ] . Angew Chem Int Ed , 2025 , 64 ( 29 ): e202506744 .
Rossini PM , Miraglia F , Vecchio F . Early dementia diagnosis,MCI-to-dementia risk prediction,and the role of machine learning methods for feature extraction from integrated biomarkers,in particular for EEG signal analysis [J ] . Alzheimers Dement , 2022 , 18 ( 12 ): 2699 - 2706 .
Chen HL , Li N , Cai YH , et al . Exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potential and modification methods [J ] . Neural Regen Res , 2026 , 21 ( 2 ): 478 - 490 .
0
浏览量
0
下载量
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621