A systematic evaluation of the application effect of extended reality technology in undergraduate nursing teaching

Yin Jingfeng; Li Chaohui; Zhao Yanhao; Zou Haiou

doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn116021-20251120-02257

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

A systematic evaluation of the application effect of extended reality technology in undergraduate nursing teaching

Digital Intelligence Nursing Education Column | 更新时间：2026-05-02

- A systematic evaluation of the application effect of extended reality technology in undergraduate nursing teaching
- Chinese Journal of Medical Education Research Vol. 25, Issue 4, Pages: 399-409(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  中国医学科学院&北京协和医学院护理学院，北京 100144
- 作者简介：
  
  Zou Haiou, Email: haiou5275@ l63.com
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.3760/cma.j.cn116021-20251120-02257
  CLC： R47
- Received：20 November 2025，
  
  Published：20 April 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
尹京凤, 栗朝慧, 赵燕皓, 等. 扩展现实技术在本科护理教学中应用效果的系统评价[J]. 中华医学教育探索杂志, 2026, 25(4): 399-409.

Yin Jingfeng, Li Chaohui, Zhao Yanhao, et al. A systematic evaluation of the application effect of extended reality technology in undergraduate nursing teaching[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Education Research, 2026, 25(4): 399-409.
尹京凤, 栗朝慧, 赵燕皓, 等. 扩展现实技术在本科护理教学中应用效果的系统评价[J]. 中华医学教育探索杂志, 2026, 25(4): 399-409. DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn116021-20251120-02257.

Yin Jingfeng, Li Chaohui, Zhao Yanhao, et al. A systematic evaluation of the application effect of extended reality technology in undergraduate nursing teaching[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Education Research, 2026, 25(4): 399-409. DOI： 10.3760/cma.j.cn116021-20251120-02257.

摘要

目的

评价扩展现实技术（extended reality，XR）在本科护生教学中的应用效果。

方法

系统检索中英文数据库PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、SinoMed、CINAHI、CNKI、VIP、万方中关于XR技术与传统教学（lecture-based learning，LBL）在本科护理教学应用效果对比的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials，RCT），检索时限为建库至2025年10月。按照纳排标准对检索到的文献进行严格筛选、数据提取和质量评价后，使用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。

结果

共纳入13项随机对照试验研究，研究对象共1 627人。Meta分析结果显示，XR技术在护理本科教学中的效果优于LBL，可提高本科护生的理论知识（

SMD

=0.64，95%

=0.39~0.89，

0.001）、实践技能（

SMD

=0.91，95%

=0.43~1.39，

0.001）、学习积极性（

SMD

=0.90，95%

=0.48~1.32，

0.001）、学习满意度（

SMD

=0.78，95%

=0.27~1.29，

=0.003），但在自我效能（

SMD

=0.41，95%

=0.00~0.82，

=0.05）方面，差异无统计学意义。

结论

XR技术应用于护理本科教学，可提高护生的理论知识、实践技能、学习积极性和学习满意度，但对护生自我效能的提升效果无差异。

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the application effect of extended reality (XR) technology in undergraduate nursing teaching.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in Chinese and English databases including PubMed

Embase

The Cochrane Library

Web of Science

SinoMed

CINAHI

CNKI

VIP

and Wanfang Data to retrieve randomized controlled trials comparing the application effect of XR technology with traditional lecture-based learning in undergraduate nursing teaching. The search period covered from the inception of each database to October 2025. After rigorous screening

data extraction

and quality assessment of the retrieved articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria

a meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 software.

Results

A total of 13 randomized controlled trials involving 1 627 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that XR technology was more effective than lecture-based learning in undergraduate nursing teaching. XR technology significantly improved undergraduate nursing students' theoretical knowledge [standardized mean difference (

SMD

)=0.64

95%

=0.39-0.89

0.001

]

practical skills (

SMD

=0.91

95%

=0.43-1.39

0.001)

learning enthusiasm (

SMD

=0.90

95%

=0.48-1.32

0.001)

and learning satisfaction (

SMD

=0.78

95%

=0.27-1.29

=0.003). However

no statistically significant difference was observed in self-efficacy (

SMD

=0.41

95%

=0.00-0.82

=0.05).

Conclusions

The application of XR technology in undergraduate nursing teaching can improve the theoretical knowledge

practical skills

learning enthusiasm

and learning satisfaction of nursing students

but shows no significant effect in improving their self-efficacy.

关键词

Keywords

references

Chau JPC , Lo SHS , Choi KC , et al . Associations between nurse-to-patient ratio, nurse educational level, and nurse-sensitive patient outcomes: a 12-month prospective observational study [J ] . Int Nurs Rev , 2025 , 72 ( 1 ): e13091 . DOI: 10.1111/inr.13091 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/inr.13091 .

Porat-Dahlerbruch J , Aiken LH , Lasater KB , et al . Variations in nursing baccalaureate education and 30-day inpatient surgical mortality [J ] . Nurs Outlook , 2022 , 70 ( 2 ): 300 - 308 . DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2021.09.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2021.09.009 .

Hampton KB , Smeltzer SC , Ross JG . The transition from nursing student to practicing nurse: an integrative review of transition to practice programs [J ] . Nurse Educ Pract , 2021 , 52 : 103031 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103031 .

Hobenu KA , Adefuye AO , Naab F , et al . Strategies to enhance clinical teaching and learning in undergraduate nursing education: a scoping review [J ] . PLoS One , 2025 , 20 ( 6 ): e0305789 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305789 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305789 .

Park E , Choi J . Attributes associated with person-centered care competence among undergraduate nursing students [J ] . Res Nurs Health , 2020 , 43 ( 5 ): 511 - 519 . DOI: 10.1002/nur.22062 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.22062 .

Hakim A . Investigating the challenges of clinical education from the viewpoint of nursing educators and students: a cross-sectional study [J ] . SAGE Open Med , 2023 , 11 : 20503121221143578 . DOI: 10.1177/20503121221143578 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121221143578 .

Kavanagh J , Sharpnack P . Crisis in competency: a defining moment in nursing education [J ] . Online J Issues Nurs , 2021 , 26 ( 1 ): 1 - 11 . DOI: 10.3912/ojin.vol26no01man02 http://dx.doi.org/10.3912/ojin.vol26no01man02 .

Cieslowski B , Anderson M , Brown KM , et al . Extended reality in health care simulation: current state, challenges, and future directions [J ] . Nurse Educ , 2025 , 50 ( 6 ): E363 - E371 . DOI: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000001996 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000001996 .

Fast-Berglund Å , Gong L , Li D . Testing and validating Extended Reality (xR) technologies in manufacturing [J ] . Procedia Manuf , 2018 , 25 : 31 - 38 . DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.054 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.054 .

国家卫生健康委员会 . 全国护理事业发展规划（2021—2025年） [J ] . 中国护理管理， 2022 ， 22 （ 6 ）： 801 - 804 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2022.06.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2022.06.001 .

新华社 . 中共中央国务院印发《教育强国建设规划纲要（2024—2035年）》 [EB/OL ] . ( 2025-01-19 )[ 2025-09-30 ] . https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202501/content_6999913.htm https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/202501/content_6999913.htm .

Herur-Raman A , Almeida ND , Greenleaf W , et al . Next-generation simulation: integrating extended reality technology into medical education [J ] . Front Virtual Real , 2021 , 2 : 693399 . DOI: 10.3389/frvir.2021.693399 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.693399 .

谷灿，马贵媛，彭娟，等 . 增强现实技术在护理本科生车祸救援情境模拟教学中的应用研究 [J ] . 中华护理教育， 2024 ， 21 （ 11 ）： 1334 - 1339 . DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2024.11.010 http://dx.doi.org/10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2024.11.010 .

Wespi R , Schwendimann L , Neher A , et al . TEAMs go VR: validating the TEAM in a virtual reality (VR) medical team training [J ] . Adv Simul , 2024 , 9 ( 1 ): 38 . DOI: 10.1186/s41077-024-00309-z http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41077-024-00309-z .

邓丽萍，李玉梅，潘晴，等 . 虚拟现实技术在胸外科护理临床实习教学中的应用研究 [J ] . 中华医学教育探索杂志， 2024 ， 23 （ 8 ）： 1097 - 1101 . DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn116021-20240210-01823 http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn116021-20240210-01823 .

Liu K , Zhang W , Li W , et al . Effectiveness of virtual reality in nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . BMC Med Educ , 2023 , 23 ( 1 ): 710 . DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04662-x http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04662-x .

Chen FQ , Leng YF , Ge JF , et al . Effectiveness of virtual reality in nursing education: meta-analysis [J ] . J Med Internet Res , 2020 , 22 ( 9 ): e18290 . DOI: 10.2196/18290 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18290 .

Wei W , Gao J , Luo X , et al . A scoping review of the applications of augmented reality in nursing [J ] . BMC Nurs , 2025 , 24 ( 1 ): 1105 . DOI: 10.1186/s12912-025-03750-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03750-1 .

Piot MA , Dechartres A , Attoe C , et al . Effectiveness of simulation in psychiatry for nursing students, nurses and nurse practitioners: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . J Adv Nurs , 2022 , 78 ( 2 ): 332 - 347 . DOI: 10.1111/jan.14986 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.14986 .

Kim HY , Kim EY . Effects of medical education program using virtual reality: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Int J Environ Res Public Health , 2023 , 20 ( 5 ): 3895 . DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053895 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053895 .

Cho MK , Kim MY . The effect of virtual reality simulation on nursing students' communication skills: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Front Psychiatry , 2024 , 15 : 1351123 . DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1351123 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1351123 .

García-Robles P , Cortés-Pérez I , Nieto-Escámez FA , et al . Immersive virtual reality and augmented reality in anatomy education: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Anat Sci Educ , 2024 , 17 ( 3 ): 514 - 528 . DOI: 10.1002/ase.2397 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ase.2397 .

Sherman WR , Craig AB . Understanding virtual reality: interface, application, and design [J ] . Presence , 2003 , 12 ( 4 ): 441 - 442 . DOI: 10.1162/105474603322391668 http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474603322391668 .

Park S , Shin HJ , Kwak H , et al . Effects of immersive technology-based education for undergraduate nursing students: systematic review and meta-analysis using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) approach [J ] . J Med Internet Res , 2024 , 26 : e57566 . DOI: 10.2196/57566 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/57566 .

Liao SC , Hsu SY . Evaluating a continuing medical education program: new world Kirkpatrick model approach [J ] . Int J Manag Econ Soc Sci , 2019 , 8 ( 4 ): 1 - 15 . DOI: 10.32327/ijmess/8.4.2019.17 http://dx.doi.org/10.32327/ijmess/8.4.2019.17 .

Kirkpatrick DL . The four levels of evaluation [M ] // Evaluating Corporate Training: Models and Issues . Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands , 1998 : 95 - 112 . DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4850-4_5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4850-4_5 .

Huang X , Wang R , Chen J , et al . Kirkpatrick's evaluation of the effect of a nursing innovation team training for clinical nurses [J ] . J Nurs Manag , 2022 , 30 ( 7 ): 2165 - 2175 . DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13504 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13504 .

Johnston S , Fox A . Kirkpatrick's evaluation of teaching and learning approaches of workplace violence education programs for undergraduate nursing students: a systematic review [J ] . J Nurs Educ , 2020 , 59 ( 8 ): 439 - 447 . DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20200723-04 http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20200723-04 .

Aebersold M , Voepel-Lewis T , Cherara L , et al . Interactive anatomy-augmented virtual simulation training [J ] . Clin Simul Nurs , 2018 , 15 : 34 - 41 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2017.09.008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2017.09.008 .

Andreasen EM , Berg H , Steinsbekk A , et al . The effect of using desktop VR to practice preoperative handovers with the ISBAR approach: a randomized controlled trial [J ] . BMC Med Educ , 2023 , 23 ( 1 ): 983 . DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04966-y http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04966-y .

Blanié A , Amorim MA , Benhamou D . Comparative value of a simulation by gaming and a traditional teaching method to improve clinical reasoning skills necessary to detect patient deterioration: a randomized study in nursing students [J ] . BMC Med Educ , 2020 , 20 ( 1 ): 53 . DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-1939-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-1939-6 .

Chan HY , Chang HC , Huang TW . Virtual reality teaching in chemotherapy administration: randomised controlled trial [J ] . J Clin Nurs , 2021 , 30 ( 13/14 ): 1874 - 1883 . DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15701 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15701 .

Chen CJ , Chen YC , Lee MY , et al . Effects of three-dimensional holograms on the academic performance of nursing students in a health assessment and practice course: a pretest-intervention-posttest study [J ] . Nurse Educ Today , 2021 , 106 : 105081 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105081 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105081 .

In N , Wakamatsu R , Miyakawa H , et al . Development and educational effectiveness of a mixed reality (MR) program to support clinical judgment in the observation of postoperative patients [J ] . Healthcare , 2024 , 12 ( 23 ): 2357 . DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12232357 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232357 .

Jeong S , Cha C . Effects of immersive virtual reality simulation–based maternity nursing education: a randomized controlled trial [J ] . Clin Simul Nurs , 2024 , 97 : 101631 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2024.101631 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2024.101631 .

Lee JJ , Tsang VWY , Chan MMK , et al . Virtual reality simulation-enhanced blood transfusion education for undergraduate nursing students: a randomised controlled trial [J ] . Nurse Educ Today , 2023 , 129 : 105903 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105903 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105903 .

Liu YM , Fan JY , Jaing TH , et al . Effectiveness of a virtual simulation and self-debriefing app on nursing students' pediatric pain knowledge: a randomized controlled trial [J ] . Clin Simul Nurs , 2025 , 101 : 101700 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101700 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101700 .

Mayor Silva LI , Caballero de la Calle R , Cuevas-Budhart MA , et al . Development of communication skills through virtual reality on nursing school students: clinical trial [J ] . Comput Inform Nurs , 2023 , 41 ( 1 ): 24 - 30 . DOI: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000866 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000866 .

Othman SY , Ghallab E , Eltaybani S , et al . Effect of using gamification and augmented reality in mechanical ventilation unit of critical care nursing on nurse students' knowledge, motivation, and self-efficacy: a randomized controlled trial [J ] . Nurse Educ Today , 2024 , 142 : 106329 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106329 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106329 .

Padilha JM , Machado PP , Ribeiro A , et al . Clinical virtual simulation in nursing education: randomized controlled trial [J ] . J Med Internet Res , 2019 , 21 ( 3 ): e11529 . DOI: 10.2196/11529 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/11529 .

Sezgunsay E , Basak T . The efficacy of a mobile augmented reality application in improving nursing students' knowledge, skills, and motivation in pressure injury assessment: a randomized controlled trial [J ] . Nurse Educ Today , 2025 , 148 : 106643 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106643 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106643 .

Cohen J . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences [M ] . 2nd ed . New York : Routledge , 2013 . DOI: 10.4324/9780203771587 http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587 .

豆欣蔓，裴菊红，张玉芳，等 . 虚拟现实技术在护理教学中应用效果的Meta分析 [J ] . 中华护理教育， 2021 ， 18 （ 7 ）： 618 - 623 . DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2021.07.008 http://dx.doi.org/10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2021.07.008 .

Sung H , Kim M , Park J , et al . Effectiveness of virtual reality in healthcare education: systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Sustainability , 2024 , 16 ( 19 ): 1 - 37 . DOI: 10.3390/su16198520 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16198520 .

Fugate JMB , Tonsager MJ , Macrine SL . Immersive extended reality (I-XR) in medical and nursing for skill competency and knowledge acquisition: a systematic review and implications for pedagogical practices [J ] . Behav Sci , 2025 , 15 ( 4 ): 468 . DOI: 10.3390/bs15040468 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs15040468 .

Kalyuga S . Schema acquisition and sources of cognitive load [M ] // Cognitive Load Theory . New York, NY, US : Cambridge University Press , 2010 : 48 - 64 . DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511844744.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844744.005 .

Lee S , Park E , Yeom HE . Korean nursing students' experiences of virtual simulation programs replacing in-person mental health nursing practicum during the COVID-19 pandemic [J ] . Healthcare , 2024 , 12 ( 6 ): 685 . DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12060685 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060685 .

Jallad ST , Natsheh I , Abu Helo L , et al . Nursing student's perceptions, satisfaction, and knowledge toward utilizing immersive virtual reality application in human anatomy course: quasi-experimental [J ] . BMC Nurs , 2024 , 23 ( 1 ): 601 . DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02254-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02254-8 .

史铁英，姜桐桐，刘宇，等 . 新时代背景下探索以职业胜任力为核心的护理实践教学模式 [J ] . 中国实用护理杂志， 2021 ， 37 （ 34 ）： 2641 - 2643 . DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn211501-20210707-01925 http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn211501-20210707-01925 .

Baldwin TT , Ford JK . Transfer of training: a review and directions for future research [J ] . Pers Psychol , 1988 , 41 ( 1 ): 63 - 105 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x .

Chidume T , Ware KS , Cooper TS , et al . Deliberate practice and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Integration in the classroom, lab, and simulation [J ] . Teach Learn Nurs , 2023 , 18 ( 2 ): 339 - 343 . DOI: 10.1016/j.teln.2022.12.007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2022.12.007 .

Cant R , Ryan C , Kelly MA . Use and effectiveness of virtual simulations in nursing student education: an umbrella review [J ] . Comput Inform Nurs , 2023 , 41 ( 1 ): 31 - 38 . DOI: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000932 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000932 .

李菊，赵榕，卢艳艳，等 . 以情景模拟为基础的刻意训练在护生护患沟通能力培养中的应用 [J ] . 护理研究， 2017 ， 31 （ 26 ）： 3253 - 3256 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2017.26.011 http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2017.26.011 .

Kluge MG , Maltby S , Kuhne C , et al . Comparing approaches for selection, development, and deployment of extended reality (XR) teaching applications: a case study at The University of Newcastle Australia [J ] . Educ Inf Technol , 2023 , 28 ( 4 ): 4531 - 4562 . DOI: 10.1007/s10639-022-11364-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11364-2 .

Far AA , Sarmadi MR , Seyf MH , et al . A causal relationships model of future orientation on self-regulated learning: the mediating role of academic self-efficacy and task value among master's degree students attending electronics courses at payame noor university of Tehran [J ] . Interdiscip J Virtual Learn Med Sci , 2019 , 10 ( 3 ): 23 - 31 . DOI: 10.30476/ijvlms.2019.45843 http://dx.doi.org/10.30476/ijvlms.2019.45843 .

Bandura A . Social foundations of thought and action [M ] //Marks D. The Health Psychology Reader . London : SAGE Publications Ltd , 2002 : 94 - 106 . DOI: 10.4135/9781446221129.n6 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446221129.n6 .

甘淋玲，沙川，王博 . VR技术在中国医学教学中的实践与思考 [J ] . 中华医学教育探索杂志， 2019 ， 18 （ 9 ）： 871 - 875 . DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-1485.2019.09.002 http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-1485.2019.09.002 .

Davis FD . Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology [J ] . MIS Q , 1989 , 13 ( 3 ): 319- 340. DOI: 10.2307/249008 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/249008 .

Shorey S , Ng ED . The use of virtual reality simulation among nursing students and registered nurses: a systematic review [J ] . Nurse Educ Today , 2021 , 98 : 104662 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104662 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104662 .

Curran VR , Xu X , Aydin MY , et al . Use of extended reality in medical education: an integrative review [J ] . Med Sci Educ , 2023 , 33 ( 1 ): 275 - 286 . DOI: 10.1007/s40670-022-01698-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40670-022-01698-4 .

Luszczynska A , Scholz U , Schwarzer R . The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies [J ] . J Psychol , 2005 , 139 ( 5 ): 439 - 457 . DOI: 10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457 http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457 .

Smith SJ , Farra SL , Ulrich DL , et al . Effectiveness of two varying levels of virtual reality simulation [J ] . Nurs Educ Perspect , 2018 , 39 ( 6 ): E10 - E15 . DOI: 10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000369 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000369 .

Keller JM . Development and use of the ARCS model of instructional design [J ] . J Instr Dev , 1987 , 10 ( 3 ): 2 - 10 . DOI: 10.1007/BF02905780 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02905780 .

John Wang CK , Liu WC , Kee YH , et al . Competence, autonomy, and relatedness in the classroom: understanding students' motivational processes using the self-determination theory [J ] . Heliyon , 2019 , 5 ( 7 ): e01983 . DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01983 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01983 .

Rahayu WP , Sulistyowati R , Pratikto H , et al . Using self-determination and expectancy theory to evaluate hybrid learning [J ] . Cogent Educ , 2024 , 11 ( 1 ): 2303535 . DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2024.2303535 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2303535 .

Zhu M , Doo MY , Masoud S , et al . The influence of SDL on learning satisfaction in online learning and group differences between undergraduates and graduates [J ] . Educ Inf Technol , 2025 , 30 ( 1 ): 313 - 331 . DOI: 10.1007/s10639-024-12995-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12995-3 .

罗维，金晓燕，侯罗娅，等 . 基于扩展现实技术的护理虚拟仿真实验教学资源的开发与实践研究 [J ] . 中华护理教育， 2025 ， 22 （ 1 ）： 21 - 26 . DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.01.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.01.003 .

中国医院协会模拟医学专业委员会 . 临床实践技能虚拟仿真应用技术体系标准专家共识 [J ] . 中国全科医学， 2025 ， 28 （ 23 ）： 2833 - 2840 . DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0076 http://dx.doi.org/10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2025.0076 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Application of mode combining BOPPPS and Chaoxing Network Teaching Platform in teaching of obstetrics and gynecology: take Nursing of Gestational Women for example

Effectiveness evaluation of a constructivism-based three-stage human-artificial intelligence collaborative teaching model in psychological nursing practice education

Exploration of integrating artificial intelligence with thinking-guided teaching in the physical examination component of the Health Assessment course

Advances in application of data intelligence technologies in nursing education

The role of urban service track coordinator in the US nursing schools and its implications for community nursing education in China

Related Author

Ma Zhi

Cai Qiuling

Luo Yinchun

Wen Yidi

Wang Lianlian

Liao Bizhen

Yang Haoshuang

Liu Qin

Related Institution

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University

Department of Nursing, Air Force Medical University

School of Nursing, Southern Medical University

College of Medicine and Health Science, China Three Gorges University

⁰