陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第一附属医院乳腺甲状腺外科,重庆市乳腺癌微创与精准诊疗重点实验室,重庆
Qi Xiaowei, E-mail: qxw9908@foxmail.com
Received:17 July 2026,
Revised:2026-08-20,
Accepted:20 August 2026,
Published:30 September 2026
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齐晓伟,田浩.乳腺癌抗体偶联药物耐药的机制解析与应对策略[J].陆军军医大学学报,2026,48(18):2530-2538.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202607077.
Qi X W,Tian H.Resistance to antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer: mechanism and strategies for overcoming[J].J Army Med Univ,2026,48(18):2530-2538.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202607077.
抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC)已深刻重塑乳腺癌的治疗格局,尤其在HER2阳性和HER2低表达晚期乳腺癌中展现出确切的生存获益,但其广泛临床应用亦使原发耐药、继发耐药及交叉耐药问题日益突出。耐药已成为乳腺癌患者追求长期生存获益的硬性瓶颈。乳腺癌ADC耐药的多维分子机制诸如:第一,肿瘤相关抗原表达下调、空间异质性改变及抗原基因突变可削弱ADC与肿瘤细胞的结合能力;第二,内吞受体及相关蛋白表达和功能异常、溶酶体功能受损等可导致ADC内吞与转运障碍;第三,药物外排泵上调、DNA修复增强及拓扑异构酶1突变等是载荷耐药的关键因素;第四,PI3K/AKT/mTOR、MAPK等经典信号通路的异常激活可促进肿瘤细胞存活;第五,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞与成纤维细胞等抑制性免疫微环境组分亦在ADC耐药中发挥重要作用。克服乳腺癌ADC耐药的阶梯式破局策略:第一,研发具有新型靶点、创新载荷及可裂解连接子的“下一代ADC”; 第二,将现有ADC与免疫检查点抑制剂、不可逆酪氨酸激酶抑制剂等药物联合应用,以协同增效并逆转耐药,其中ADC联合免疫检查点抑制剂已展现出最具潜力的临床前景;第三,依托类器官技术与人工智能平台实现精准个性化用药方案制定与药物研发。尽管联合方案的临床验证与新药转化仍需较长时日,但采用多技术融合的方式对肿瘤耐药微环境及其异质性进行深度解析,可为突破ADC疗效瓶颈、实现乳腺癌精准个体化治疗指明方向。未来将微环境特征解析与AI驱动的新药研发、类器官技术临床转化相结合,有望为突破ADC耐药瓶颈提供关键支撑,从而推动乳腺癌治疗格局的实质性进步。
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have profoundly reshaped the treatment landscape of breast cancer
demonstrating definite survival benefits especially in HER2-positive and HER2-low advanced breast cancer. However
their widespread clinical application has also made primary resistance
acquired resistance
and cross-resistance increasingly prominent. Drug resistance has become a critical bottleneck in achieving long-term survival benefits for breast cancer patients. The multidimensional molecular mechanisms of ADC resistance in breast cancer include: First
downregulation of tumor-associated antigen expression
altered spatial heterogeneity
and antigen gene mutations can weaken the binding of ADCs to tumor cells; Second
aberrant expression and function of endocytic receptors and related proteins
as well as impaired lysosomal function
can lead to defects in ADC internalization and trafficking; Third
upregulation of drug efflux pumps
enhanced DNA repair
and topoisomerase I mutations are key factors underlying payload resistance; Fourth
abnormal activation of classical signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK can promote tumor cell survival; Fifth
immunosuppressive microenvironment components such as tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts also play important roles in ADC resistance. Stepwise strategies for overcoming ADC resistance in breast cancer include: First
developing “next-generation ADCs” with novel targets
innovative payloads
and cleavable linkers; Second
combining existing ADCs with agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors to achieve synergistic efficacy and reverse resistance
among which ADCs combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown the most promising clinical prospects; Third
leveraging organoid technology and artificial intelligence (AI) platforms to enable precision personalized medication design and development. Although clinical validation of combination regimens and translation of novel drugs still require considerable time
in-depth analysis of the drug-resistant tumor microenvironment and its heterogeneity by multi-technology integration may provide direction for breaking the efficacy bottleneck of ADCs and achieving precision individualized treatment for breast cancer. In the future
integrating microenvironmental feature profiling with AI-driven drug development and clinical translation of organoid technology is expected to provide critical support for overcoming the bottleneck of ADC resistance
thereby driving substantial progress in the treatment landscape of breast cancer.
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