陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第二附属医院感染控制科,重庆市教育委员会医院感染监测与控制重点实验室,重庆
Lu Yonghui,E-mail: luyonghui@tmmu.edu.cn
Received:26 June 2026,
Revised:2026-08-14,
Accepted:27 August 2026,
Published:15 October 2026
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卢永辉,鲁心怡.汉坦病毒感染的全球流行态势与防控挑战[J].陆军军医大学学报,2026,48(19):2693-2703.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202606102.
Lu Y H,Lu X Y.Global epidemiological trends and challenges of hantavirus infection prevention and control[J].J Army Med Univ,2026,48(19):2693-2703.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202606102.
汉坦病毒是全球分布最广的人畜共患病原体之一,每年报告病例约1万~10万例,实际感染数可能远超此数。宿主啮齿动物的地理分布决定了病毒的种类与流行区域,旧大陆(亚欧大陆)汉坦病毒(如汉滩病毒、首尔病毒、多布拉伐病毒及普马拉病毒等)引发肾综合征出血热(病死率0.1%~12.0%),新大陆(美洲)病毒(如辛诺柏病毒、安第斯病毒等)引发汉坦病毒心肺综合征(病死率高达40%)。当前全球感染呈上升趋势,汉坦病毒的生态复杂性决定了其将持续构成全球公共健康威胁。防控面临四大核心挑战:鉴别诊断能力不足导致临床漏诊延迟、气候变化加速宿主扩散与接触风险、资源匮乏地区缺乏床旁诊断工具,以及非洲等部分地区仍存在监测空白。单一维度的监测或治疗策略难以应对汉坦病毒的多变演化,必须整合生态监测、实验室能力建设、区域协作与公共卫生基础设施,以构建可持续的防控体系。中国在使用灭活疫苗方面已取得显著成效,但欧美等主要流行区仍缺乏获批疫苗;新型疫苗(DNA疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗等)尚处于研发阶段。本文通过系统整合全球汉坦病毒的最新流行病学数据、致病与疾病进程机制等前沿研究进展,全面梳理了病毒-宿主-环境互作网络中的关键节点,为不同流行区制定因地适宜的防控策略提供了全景式参考框架,有助于推动从被动应对转向基于生态预测和早期预警的主动防御模式。
Hantaviruses are among the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens worldwide
with approximately 10 000 to 100 000 cases reported annually
while the actual number of infections may far exceed this figure. The geographic distribution of rodent hosts determines viral species and epidemic regions. Old World (Eurasia) hantaviruses such as Hantaan virus
Seoul virus
Dobrava virus
and Puumala virus cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (case fatality rate: 0.1% to 12.0%)
whereas New World (Americas) viruses such as Sin Nombre virus and Andes virus cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (case fatality rate: up to 40%). Currently
global infections are on the rise
and the ecological complexity of hantaviruses ensures that they will continue to pose a global public health threat. Four major challenges confront prevention and control efforts: insufficient capacity for differential diagnosis leading to missed or delayed clinical diagnosis
climate change accelerating host expansion and contact risk
lack of point‑of‑care diagnostic tools in resource‑limited settings
and persistent surveillance gaps in regions such as Africa. Single‑dimensional surveillance or therapeutic strategies are inadequate to address the multifaceted evolution of hantaviruses. Instead
it is essential to integrate ecological monitoring
laboratory capacity building
regional collaboration
and public health infrastructure to construct a sustainable prevention and control system. China has achieved remarkable progress with inactivated vaccines
whereas major endemic regions such as Europe and the United States still lack licensed vaccines; novel vaccines (DNA and virus‑like particle vaccines) are still under development. By systematically integrating the latest global epidemiological data and cutting‑edge research advances on pathogenic mechanisms and disease progression
this review provides a comprehensive framework of the critical nodes within the virus-host-environment interaction network
providing a reference for tailoring region‑specific prevention strategies across different endemic areas and facilitating the transition from reactive responses to proactive defense modules based on ecological forecasting and early warning systems.
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