山东第二医科大学,山东省高等学校免疫微环境与炎症性疾病研究特色实验室,山东潍坊
Received:12 June 2025,
Revised:2025-08-28,
Accepted:02 September 2025,
Published:30 September 2025
移动端阅览
崔昭,束雅婷,雷凡,等.柴胡皂苷A通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能[J].陆军军医大学学报,2025,47(18):2197-2210.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038.
CUI ZHAO,SHU YATING,LEI FAN,et al.Saikosaponin A affects differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways[J].J Army Med Univ,2025,47(18):2197-2210.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038.
崔昭,束雅婷,雷凡,等.柴胡皂苷A通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能[J].陆军军医大学学报,2025,47(18):2197-2210.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038. DOI:
CUI ZHAO,SHU YATING,LEI FAN,et al.Saikosaponin A affects differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways[J].J Army Med Univ,2025,47(18):2197-2210.DOI:10.16016/j.2097-0927.202506038. DOI:
目的
2
研究柴胡皂苷A(saikosaponin A,SSA)对小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞(bone marrow derived macrophage, BMDM)M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化、凋亡和功能的影响,并探究其分子机制。
方法
2
体外诱导BMDM分别向M1/M2型巨噬细胞分化,并同时加入SSA处理后:CCK-8检测BMDM、M1/M2型巨噬细胞的活性;倒置荧光显微镜观察M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态;流式细胞术(flow cytometry, FCM)和ELISA法检测M1/M2型巨噬细胞表面标志物和细胞因子水平;实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, qPCR)检测IL-6、TNF-α、精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1, Arg-1)的mRNA水平;FCM检测腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球颗粒的能力;免疫组织荧光染色(immunofluorescence,IF)和Western blot检测SSA调控M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分子机制。
结果
2
SSA浓度在10.0 mg/L范围内对细胞活性无明显影响,SSA浓度15.0 mg/L时,M1/M2型巨噬细胞活性均受到明显抑制(
P
<
0.01);10.0 mg/L SSA处理后的M1/M2型巨噬细胞形态发生变化,M1型巨噬细胞出现纺锤状或不规则形,少数细胞具有伪足,部分细胞边界不清;M2型巨噬细胞部分变为类圆形或者不规则形(
P
<
0.001),边界不清楚。SSA处理后BMDM分化为M1/M2型巨噬细胞的比例均显著降低(
P
<
0.05),且M1型巨噬细胞分泌IL-6、TNF-α的水平和其mRNA水平均显著降低(
P
<
0.05),但M2型巨噬细胞分泌Arg-1和其mRNA水平均显著升高(
P
<
0.05)。SSA可降低腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬荧光微球颗粒的能力(
P
<
0.01),且具有浓度依赖性。SSA可降低M1型巨噬细胞磷酸化核转录因子-κB(phosphorylation of NF-kappaB, p-NF-κB)(
P
<
0.01),提高M2型巨噬细胞磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子6(phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, p-STAT6)(
P
<
0.05)。
结论
2
SSA可能通过调控NF-κB和STAT6信号通路来影响M1/M2型巨噬细胞的分化和功能。
Objective
2
To investigate the effect of Saikosaponin A (SSA) on the differentiation
apoptosis and function of mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM)-derived M1/M2 macrophages
and to explore its molecular mechanism.
Methods
2
BMDM was induced to differentiate into M1/M2
macrophages
in vitro
and SSA was added at the same time: CCK-8 assay was used to detect the viability of BMDM and M1/M2 macrophages. The morphology of M1/M2 macrophages was observed by inverted fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry (FCM) and ELISA were used to detect the levels of surface markers and cytokines in M1/M2 macrophages. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA levels of IL-6
TNF-α and arginase-1 (Arg-1). FCM was used to detect the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages to fluorescent microsphere particles. Immunofluorescence (IF) assay and Western blotting were used to detect the molecular mechanism of SSA regulating M1/M2 macrophages.
Results
2
No significant effect on viability of M1/M2 macrophages was observed at SSA concentration of 10.0 mg/L
and obvious inhibition was seen at a concentration of 15.0 mg/L (
P
<
0.01). Treatment of 10.0 mg/L SSA induced obvious morphologic changes in M1/M2 macrophages
with M1 macrophages in irregular shape
a few having pseudopods
and some showing unclear boundaries; while some M2 macrophages presenting round or irregular (
P
<
0.001) with unclear boundaries. SSA treatment also resulted in significantly decreased proportion of M1/M2 macrophages after BMDM differentiation (
P
<
0.05)
with reduced contents of IL-6 and TNF-α secreted by M1 macrophages and their mRNA levels (
P
<
0.05)
but increased secretion of Arg-1 and mRNA levels by M2 macrophages (
P
<
0.05). SSA treatment also inhibited the phagocytosis ability of peritoneal macrophages to fluorescent microsphere particles (
P
<
0.01) in a concentration-dependent manner. SSA decreased the phosphorylation of NF-kappaB (p-NF-κB) (
P
<
0.01) and enhanced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (p-STAT6) in M2 macrophages (
P
<
0.05).
Conclusion
2
SSA may affect the differentiation and function of M1/M2 macrophages by regulating NF-κB and STAT6 signaling pathways.
KANG Y , GAO Y , LI X M , et al . Bupleurum chinense exerts a mild antipyretic effect on LPS-induced pyrexia rats involving inhibition of peripheral TNF-α production [J]. J Ethnopharmacol , 2023 , 310 : 116375 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116375 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116375 .
XU Y J , YU Y , WANG Q , et al . Active components of Bupleurum chinense and Angelica biserrata showed analgesic effects in formalin induced pain by acting on Nav1.7 [J]. J Ethnopharmacol , 2021 , 269 : 113736 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113736 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113736 .
LI X , LI X Y , HUANG N N , et al . A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins [J]. Phytomedicine , 2018 , 50 : 73 - 87 . DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174 .
LIU M , ZHANG G F , NAQVI S , et al . Cytotoxicity of Saikosaponin A targets HEKa cell through apoptosis induction by ROS accumulation and inflammation suppression via NF-κB pathway [J]. Int Immunopharmacol , 2020 , 86 : 106751 . DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106751 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106751 .
GAO H , SONG Y Y , LI D S , et al . Saikosaponin A inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory mediators in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes by activating LXRα [J]. Oncotarget , 2017 , 8 ( 51 ): 88941 - 88950 . DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21495 http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21495 .
FU Y H , HU X Y , CAO Y G , et al . Saikosaponin a inhibits lipopolysaccharide-oxidative stress and inflammation in Human umbilical v ein endothelial cells via preventing TLR4 translocation into lipid rafts [J]. Free Radic Biol Med , 2015 , 89 : 777 - 785 . DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.407 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.407 .
WANG L N . Simultaneous determination of saikosaponins in Bupleurum Radix from different locations by high performance liquid chromatography- charged aerosol detection (HPLC-CAD) method and its immunomodulation effects on mouse splenocytes [J]. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol , 2013 , 7 ( 35 ): 2459 - 2465 . DOI: 10.5897/ajpp12.1213 http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpp12.1213 .
SUN Y , CAI T T , ZHOU X B , et al . Saikosaponin a inhibits the proliferation and activation of T cells through cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis [J]. Int Immunopharmacol , 2009 , 9 ( 7/8 ): 978 - 983 . DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.04.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2009.04.006 .
ZHU J , LUO C Q , WANG P , et al . Saikosaponin A mediates the inflammatory response by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells [J]. Exp Ther Med , 2013 , 5 ( 5 ): 1345 - 1350 . DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.988 http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.988 .
LU C N , YUAN Z G , ZHANG X L , et al . Saikosaponin a and its epimer saikosaponin d exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing activation of NF-κB signaling pathway [J]. Int Immunopharmacol , 2012 , 14 ( 1 ): 121 - 126 . DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.010 .
OHUCHI K , WATANABE M , OZEKI T , et al . Pharmacological influence of saikosaponins on prostaglandin E2 production by peritoneal macrophages [J]. Planta Med , 1985 ( 3 ): 208 - 212 . DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-969458 http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969458 .
VIOLA A , MUNARI F , SÁNCHEZ-RODRÍGUEZ R , et al . The metabolic signature of macrophage responses [J]. Front Immunol , 2019 , 10 : 1462 . DOI: 10.3389/fimmu. 2019. 01462 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01462 .
LOCATI M , CURTALE G , MANTOVANI A . Diversity, mechanisms, and significance of macrophage plasticity [J]. Annu Rev Pathol , 2020 , 15 : 123 - 147 . DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012718 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012718 .
BRAUNECK F , FISCHER B , WITT M , et al . TIGIT blockade repolarizes AML-associated TIGIT + M2 macrophages to an M1 phenotype and increases CD47-mediated phagocytosis [J]. J Immunother Cancer , 2022 , 10 ( 12 ): e004794 . DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004794 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-004794 .
LI M R , HOU Q , ZHONG L Z , et al . Macrophage related chronic inflammation in non-healing wounds [J]. Front Immunol , 2021 , 12 : 681710 . DOI: 10.3389/fimmu. 2021. 681710 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.681710 .
WANG S X , CAO M , XU S H , et al . Luteolin alters macrophage polarization to inhibit inflammation [J]. Inflammation , 2020 , 43 ( 1 ): 95 - 108 . DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01099-7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-019-01099-7 .
倪杰 . 羌活醇、黄芩素、当归多糖对LPS诱导RAW 264.7细胞极化的影响 [D]. 南京 : 南京中医药大学 , 2022 . DOI: 10.27253/d.cnki.gnjzu.2022.000050 http://dx.doi.org/10.27253/d.cnki.gnjzu.2022.000050 .
NI J . Effects of Notopterygium alcohol, baicalein and Angelica polysaccharide on LPS-induced polarization of RAW 264.7 cells [D]. Nanjing : Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , 2022 . DOI: 10.27253/d.cnki.gnjzu.2022.000050 http://dx.doi.org/10.27253/d.cnki.gnjzu.2022.000050 .
张珂 , 崔昭 , 秦雅含 , 等 . 当归多糖对M2型巨噬细胞分化和功能的影响 [J]. 陆军军医大学学报 , 2024 , 46 ( 22 ): 2505 - 2516 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202405021 http://dx.doi.org/10.16016/j.2097-0927.202405021 .
ZHANG K , CUI Z , QIN Y H , et al . Effects of Angelica polysaccharide on differentiation and function in M2 macrophages [J]. J Army Med Univ , 2024 , 46 ( 22 ): 2505 - 2516 . DOI: 10.16016/j.2097-0927.202405021 http://dx.doi.org/10.16016/j.2097-0927.202405021 .
JAY S M , SKOKOS E , LAIWALLA F , et al . Foreign body giant cell formation is preceded by lamellipodia formation and can be attenuated by inhibition of Rac1 activation [J]. Am J Pathol , 2007 , 171 ( 2 ): 632 - 640 . DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061213 http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2007.061213 .
GORDON S . Alternative activation of macrophages [J]. Nat Rev Immunol , 2003 , 3 ( 1 ): 23 - 35 . DOI: 10.1038/nri978 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri978 .
MCWHORTER F Y , WANG T T , NGUYEN P , et al . Modulation of macrophage phenotype by cell shape [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 2013 , 110 ( 43 ): 17253 - 17258 . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308887110 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308887110 .
LIU Y C , ZOU X B , CHAI Y F , et al . Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases [J]. Int J Biol Sci , 2014 , 10 ( 5 ): 520 - 529 . DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8879 http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.8879 .
NIELSEN M C , HVIDBJERG GANTZEL R , CLÀRIA J , et al . Macrophage activation markers, CD163 and CD206, in acute-on-chronic liver failure [J]. Cells , 2020 , 9 ( 5 ): 1175 . DOI: 10.3390/cells9051175 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051175 .
YING Z L , LI X J , DANG H , et al . Saikosaponin-d affects the differentiation, maturation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells [J]. Exp Ther Med , 2014 , 7 ( 5 ): 1354 - 1358 . DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1568 http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1568 .
WYNN T A , VANNELLA K M . Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis [J]. Immunity , 2016 , 44 ( 3 ): 450 - 462 . DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015 .
ZHANG J X , HU Y X , LIU Y , et al . Xianglian pill alleviates ulcerative colitis by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization via modulation of energy metabolite itaconate [J]. Phytomedicine , 2024 , 135 : 156179 . DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156179 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156179 .
KOH K K , HAN S H , QUON M J . Inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome: insights from therapeutic interventions [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol , 2005 , 46 ( 11 ): 1978 - 1985 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.082 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.082 .
MÖLLER B , VILLIGER P M . Inhibition of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [J]. Springer Semin Immunopathol , 2006 , 27 ( 4 ): 391 - 408 . DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0012-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00281-006-0012-9 .
MOLARO M C , BATTISEGOLA C , SCHIANO M E , et al . Synthesis of arginase inhibitors: an overview [J]. Pharmaceutics , 2025 , 17 ( 1 ): 117 . DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics 17010117 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010117 .
JAUMOUILLÉ V , GRINSTEIN S . Receptor mobility, the cytoskeleton, and particle binding during phagocytosis [J]. Curr Opin Cell Biol , 2011 , 23 ( 1 ): 22 - 29 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.10.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2010.10.006 .
UNDERHILL D M , GOODRIDGE H S . Information processing during phagocytosis [J]. Nat Rev Immunol , 2012 , 12 ( 7 ): 492 - 502 . DOI: 10.1038/nri3244 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3244 .
KURYNINA A V , EROKHINA M V , MAKAREVICH O A , et al . Plasticity of human THP-1 cell phagocytic activity during macrophagic differentiation [J]. Biochemistry (Mosc) , 2018 , 83 ( 3 ): 200 - 214 . DOI: 10.1134/S0006297-918030021 http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0006297-918030021 .
赵丽 , 金周雨 , 荆波 , 等 . 多糖受体与巨噬细胞吞噬作用关系研究进展 [J]. 食品科学 , 2019 , 40 ( 21 ): 311 - 316 . DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20181127-309 http://dx.doi.org/10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20181127-309 .
ZHAO L , JIN Z Y , JING B , et al . Recent progress in the relationship between polysaccharide receptor and macrophage phagocytosis [J]. Food Sci , 2019 , 40 ( 21 ): 311 - 316 . DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20181127-309 http://dx.doi.org/10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20181127-309 .
郭振军 , 刘莉 , 张维璐 , 等 . 大黄、当归多糖对巨噬细胞甘露糖受体作用的研究 [J]. 细胞与分子免疫学杂志 , 2008 , 24 ( 5 ): 514 - 516 . DOI: 10.3321/j.issn: 1007-8738.2008.05.030 http://dx.doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1007-8738.2008.05.030 .
GUO Z J , LIU L , ZHANG W L , et al . Study on the effect of rhubarb and Angelica polysaccharide on mannose receptor in macrophages [J]. Chin J Cell Mol Immunol , 2008 , 24 ( 5 ): 514 - 516 . DOI: 10.3321/j.issn: 1007-8738.2008.05.030 http://dx.doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1007-8738.2008.05.030 .
MATHIESEN C B K , RUDJORD-LEVANN A M , GAD M , et al . Cladribine inhibits secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis in human monocyte-derived M1 macrophages in-vitro [J]. Int Immunopharmacol , 2021 , 91 : 107270 . DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107270 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107270 .
LAWRENCE T . The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation [J]. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol , 2009 , 1 ( 6 ): a001651 . DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001651 http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001651 .
高嘉营 , 郭显 , 赵世鸿 , 等 . 特女贞苷通过抑制NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路减轻海水吸入性肺损伤 [J]. 空军军医大学学报 , 2025 , 46 ( 6 ): 715 - 720 . DOI: 10.13276/j.issn.2097-1656.2025.06.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.13276/j.issn.2097-1656.2025.06.003 .
GAO J Y , GUO X , ZHAO S H , et al . Protective effects of specnuezhenide on seawater inhalation-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway [J]. J Air Force Med Univ , 2025 , 46 ( 6 ): 715 - 720 . DOI: 10.13276/j.issn.2097-1656.2025.06.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.13276/j.issn.2097-1656.2025.06.003 .
VALLABHAPURAPU S , KARIN M . Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system [J]. Annu Rev Immunol , 2009 , 27 : 693 - 733 . DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132641 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132641 .
YU T , GAN S C , ZHU Q C , et al . Modulation of M2 macrophage polarization by the crosstalk between Stat6 and Trim24 [J]. Nat Commun , 2019 , 10 ( 1 ): 4353 . DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12384-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12384-2 .
HE Y , GAO Y , ZHANG Q , et al . IL-4 switches microglia/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and alleviates neurological damage by modulating the JAK1/STAT6 pathway following ICH [J]. Neuroscience , 2020 , 437 : 161 - 171 . DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.008 .
SHI J H , LIU L N , SONG D D , et al . TRAF3/STAT6 axis regulates macrophage polarization and tumor progression [J]. Cell Death Differ , 2023 , 30 ( 8 ): 2005 - 2016 . DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01194-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41418-023-01194-1 .
0
Views
0
下载量
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802024621
