Clinical features and pathogenic analysis of acute appendicitis in children

Zhen NIU; Xiaofeng SONG; Jing SUN; Jinping HOU

doi:10.16016/j.1000-5404.202003163

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Clinical features and pathogenic analysis of acute appendicitis in children

Clinical Medicine | 更新时间：2026-01-09

- Clinical features and pathogenic analysis of acute appendicitis in children
- Journal of Third Military Medical University Vol. 42, Issue 14, Pages: 1449-1455(2020)
- 作者机构：
  
  400014 重庆, 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院胃肠新生儿外科，儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室，国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心，儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地，儿科学重庆市重点实验室，儿童营养与健康重庆市重点实验室
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.16016/j.1000-5404.202003163
  CLC： R181.32;R372;R725
- Received：13 March 2020，
  
  Revised：2020-05-13，
  
  Published：30 July 2020
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
Zhen NIU, Xiaofeng SONG, Jing SUN, et al. Clinical features and pathogenic analysis of acute appendicitis in children[J]. Journal of Third Military Medical University, 2020, 42(14): 1449-1455.
DOI：

Zhen NIU, Xiaofeng SONG, Jing SUN, et al. Clinical features and pathogenic analysis of acute appendicitis in children[J]. Journal of Third Military Medical University, 2020, 42(14): 1449-1455. DOI： 10.16016/j.1000-5404.202003163.

摘要

目的

分析总结小儿急性阑尾炎诊治要点及病原学特点。

方法

回顾性分析2018年1月1日至11月30日我院胃肠外科收治的149例小儿急性阑尾炎病例，总结临床特点、辅助检查、治疗效果、细菌培养及药敏结果。

结果

① 本组患儿平均年龄7岁7个月，男女比例1.57 :1.00。②临床表现主要为腹痛(99.32%)、消化道症状(79.87%)、发热(65.77%)，所有患儿查体有腹部压痛，可伴有反跳痛(81.21%)、肌紧张(77.18%)等腹膜炎体征，不同年龄组临床症状及体征发生率无明显差异。③不同病理类型组患儿外周血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白(CRP)值比较差异有统计学意义(

0.05)，坏疽性阑尾炎组血象较高，而单纯性阑尾炎组较低，但不同年龄组外周血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、CRP值差异无统计学意义；本组超声检查阳性率82.55%，B超发现以腹腔炎性病变为主。④本组急性单纯性阑尾炎14例(9.40%)，急性化脓性阑尾炎49例(32.89%)，急性坏疽性阑尾炎86例(57.71%)，不同病程中各病理类型阑尾炎发生率差异有统计学意义(

0.001)，病程

1 d，则坏疽性阑尾炎比例明显升高；腹腔残余感染为术后最常见并发症(29.53%)，坏疽性阑尾炎术后更容易出现腹腔残余感染，各种病理类型之间腹腔残余感染发生率差异有统计学意义(

=24.463，

0.001)。⑤本组脓液细菌培养率75.84%，培养阳性率为81.42%，以G

菌为主(81.15%)，G

菌仍以大肠埃希菌(70.70%)和铜绿假单胞菌(22.22%)为主；药敏结果提示美罗培南、亚胺培南对G

及G

菌均有高敏感度，半合成青霉素类、三代头孢对G

菌敏感度较高。⑥本组患儿术后使用二联或三联抗感染方案取得良好疗效，有效率分别为97.22%与99.10%，当二联、三联抗感染疗效欠佳时，升级抗生素为美罗培南或泰能等特殊级抗生素后均治愈。

结论

小儿急性阑尾炎临床表现缺乏典型性，以右下腹痛及固定压痛为主要诊断依据，外周血检查及腹部B超等辅助检查仅作为参考，一旦临床诊断急性阑尾炎，应尽早手术，术后规范使用抗生素。

Abstract

Objective

To analyze the clinical features and pathogen characteristics of acute appendicitis in children.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 149 children with acute appendicitis treated in our hospital between January 1

2018 and November 30

2018

and analyzed their clinical features

laboratory test results

therapeutic effects

results of bacterial culture and drug sensitivity of the bacteria.

Results

① The children had an average age of 7 years and 7 months with a male to female ratio of 1.57 :1.00. ②The main clinical manifestations included abdominal pain (99.32%)

digestive tract symptoms (79.87%) and fever (65.77%). All the children had abdominal tenderness

could be accompanied by such peritonitis signs as rebound pain (81.21%) and muscle tension (77.18%). ③The incidence of clinical symptoms and signs did not differ significantly among different age groups. The children with different pathological types showed significant differences in peripheral blood white blood cell (WBC) counts

percentage of neutrophils and C-reactive protein (CRP) level (

0.05)

and WBC counts were higher in children with gangrenous appendicitis and lower in children with uncomplicated appendicitis; these parameters did not differ significantly among different age groups. The positive rate of ultrasonography was 82.55% in these children

and abdominal inflammatory lesion was the predominant finding by B-mode ultrasound. ④Of the 149 children

14 had acute simple appendicitis (9.40%)

49 had acute suppurative appendicitis (32.89%) and 86 had acute gangrenous appendicitis (57.71%). The incidences of appendicitis of different pathological types differed significantly among children with different disease courses (

0.001); a disease course over 1 d was associated with a significantly increased risk of gangrenous appendicitis

. Residual abdominal infection was the most common postoperative complication (29.53%)

which was more likely in cases of gangrenous appendicitis

and its incidence differed significantly among different pathological types (

chi

-square=24.463

0.001). ⑤Bacterial culture of the pus was performed in 75.84% of the cases

and the positive rate was 81.42%. Most of the pathogens identified were Gram-negative bacteria (81.15%)

consisting predominantly of

Escherichia coli

(70.70%) and

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(22.22%). Drug sensitivity tests showed that the pathogenic bacteria (both Gram-negative and -positive) were highly sensitive to meropenem and imipenem; the gram-negative bacteria showed a high sensitivity to semisynthetic penicillins and the third generation cephalosporins. ⑥The children received double or triple antibiotic therapies after the operation

which resulted in positive response rates of 97.22% and 99.10%

respectively. The children showing poor responses to the double and triple therapies were cured after treatment with the special class antibiotics such as meropenem and imipenem.

Conclusion

The clinical manifestations are atypical in children with acute appendicitis

for which a clinical diagnosis is made based primarily on the presence of right lower abdominal pain and fixed tenderness

and peripheral blood tests and abdominal B-ultrasound only have limited diagnostic values. Once diagnosed

prompt operation should be performed with standardized use of postoperative antibiotics in children with acute appendicitis.

关键词

Keywords

references

HAMID K A, MOHAMED M A, SALIH A. Acute appendicitis in young children: a persistent diagnostic challenge for clinicians[J].Cureus, 2018, 10(3): e2347. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2347.

POGORELIĆ Z, DOMJANOVIĆ J, JUKIĆ M, et al . Acute appendicitis in children younger than five years of age: diagnostic challenge for pediatric surgeons[J ] . Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2020, 21(3): 239-245. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2019.175.

张金哲.小儿阑尾炎[J].临床小儿外科杂志, 2002, 1(5): 349-351, 356.

ZHANG J Z. Appendicitis of young children[J]. J Clin Pediatr Surg, 2002, 1(5): 349-351, 356.

OMLING E, SALÖ M, SALUJA S, et al . Nationwide study of appendicitis in children[J ] . Br J Surg, 2019, 106(12): 1623-1631. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11298.

STRINGER M D. Acute appendicitis[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2017, 53(11): 1071-1076. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13737.

SNYDER M J, GUTHRIE M, CAGLE S. Acute appendicitis: efficient diagnosis and management[J]. Am Fam Physician, 2018, 98(1): 25-33.

NAKAYAMA D K. Examination of the acute abdomen in children[J]. J Surg Educ, 2016, 73(3): 548-552. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.01.007.

SHIN D H, CHO Y S, KIM Y S, et al . Delta neutrophil index: a reliable marker to differentiate perforated appendicitis from non-perforated appendicitis in the elderly[J ] . J Clin Lab Anal, 2018, 32(1): e22177. DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22177.

MINDERJAHN M I, SCHÄDLICH D, RADTKE J, et al . Phlegmonous appendicitis in children is characterized by eosinophilia in white blood cell counts[J ] . World J Pediatr, 2018, 14(5): 504-509. DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0173-3.

CHICAIZA H P, MALIA L, MULVEY C H, et al . Revisiting the appendiceal diameter via ultrasound for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis[J ] . Pediatr Emerg Care, 2018, 34(11): 757-760. DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001278.

RIEDESEL E L, WEBER B C, SHORE M W, et al . Diagnostic performance of standardized ultrasound protocol for detecting perforation in pediatric appendicitis[J ] . Pediatr Radiol, 2019, 49(13): 1726-1734. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04475-5.

BELTZER C R, ZISCHEK C, SCHMIDT R, et al . The relevance of surgeon-performed ultrasound for the detection of acute appendicitis: a review of the literature and a practical diagnostic algorithm[J ] . Zentralbl Chir, 2017, 142(4): 395-403. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-114414.

李晓庆, 周德凯.小儿阑尾炎误诊分析[J].中华小儿外科杂志, 2004, 25(2): 29-31.

LI X Q, ZHOU D K. Analysis on misdiagnosis of the appendicitis in childhood[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2004, 25(2): 29-31.

REPPLINGER M D, PICKHARDT P J, ROBBINS J B, et al . Prospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging versus CT for acute appendicitis[J ] . Radiology, 2018, 288(2): 467-475. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018171838.

PIŞKIN E, ÖZDEDEO ǦLU M, MUHAMMEDO ǦLU B, et al . Comparison of endocrinological and cytokine response to trauma in laparoscopic and conventional appendectomy in patients with acute appendicitis[J ] . A nn Ital Chir, 2019, 90: 68-71.

LIU Y, CUI Z M, ZHANG R P. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for acute appendicitis in children[J]. IndianPediatr, 2017, 54(11): 938-941. DOI: 10.1007/s13312-017-1186-z.

MELTZER J A, KUNKOV S, CHAO J H, et al . Association of delay in appendectomy with perforation in children with appendicitis[J ] . Pediatr Emerg Care, 2019, 35(1): 45-49. DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000850.

TUREL O, MIRAPOGLU S L, YUKSEL M, et al . Perforated appendicitis in children: antimicrobial susceptibility and antimicrobial stewardship[J ] . J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2019, 16: 159-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.09.015.

张红亚, 李桢, 梁炜, 等.儿童急性阑尾炎腹腔病原菌变迁及耐药分析[J].中国现代医学杂志, 2010, 20(17): 2654-2657, 2661.

ZHANG H Y, LI Z, LIANG W, et al . Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria collected from abdominal cavity in children with acute appendicitis[J ] . China J Mod Med, 2010, 20(17): 2654-2657, 2661.

DREZNIK Y, FEIGIN E, SAMUK I, et al . Dual versus triple antibiotics regimen in children with perforated acute appendicitis[J ] . Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie, 2018, 28(6): 491-494. DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1606847.

VIEL-THÉRIAULT I, BETTOLLI M, TOYE B, et al . Contemporary microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of complicated appendicitis: the value of a short-term study[J ] . Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2019, 38(11): e290-e294. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002420.

PRECHAL D, DAMIROV F, GRILLI M, et al . Antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated appendicitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J ] . Int J Colorectal Dis, 2019, 34(6): 963-971. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03296-0.

POILLUCCI G, MORTOLA L, PODDA M, et al . Laparoscopic appendectomy vs antibiotic therapy for acute appendicitis: a propensity score-matched analysis from a multicenter cohort study[J ] . Updates Surg, 2017, 69(4): 531-540. DOI: 10.1007/s13304-017-0499-8.

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Diagnosis and treatment strategies for Ebola virus disease in children

Clinical features and etiological analysis of acute appendicitis in infants

Clinical diagnosis and treatment for 3 cases of IgG4-related sinusitis

Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma in kidney transplant patients: one case report and literature review

Total colonic aganglionosis in children: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and outcome

Related Author

陈盛

毛青

向德栋

钱德慧

戴超

晏玲

于佳平

舒发

Related Institution

Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University

Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

Department of Anesthesiology Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University， National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders， Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders， Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders

Department of Ophthalmology， First Affiliated Hospital/Southwest Hospital， Army Medical University （Third Military Medical University）

Department of Gastroenterology， Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precise Prevention and Treatment of Digestive Malignancies

⁰