The U.S. Army's experience with management of traumatic brain injury in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: lessons to improve our management

Zhaowen ZONG; Lei YANG

doi:10.16016/j.1000-5404.201707136

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The U.S. Army's experience with management of traumatic brain injury in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: lessons to improve our management

Military Medicine | 更新时间：2026-01-09

- The U.S. Army's experience with management of traumatic brain injury in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: lessons to improve our management
- Journal of Third Military Medical University Vol. 40, Issue 2, Pages: 91-96(2018)
- 作者机构：
  
  400042 重庆，陆军军医大学(第三军医大学)第三附属医院野战外科研究所创伤外科
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  the Innovation Program in Military Medicine(16CXZ017);the Key Project of Equipment and Development Department of PLA
- DOI：10.16016/j.1000-5404.201707136
  CLC： R642;R651.1;R826.62
- Received：20 July 2017，
  
  Revised：2017-10-20，
  
  Published：30 January 2018
- 稿件说明：
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Zhaowen ZONG, Lei YANG. The U.S. Army's experience with management of traumatic brain injury in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: lessons to improve our management[J]. Journal of Third Military Medical University, 2018, 40(2): 91-96.
DOI：

Zhaowen ZONG, Lei YANG. The U.S. Army's experience with management of traumatic brain injury in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: lessons to improve our management[J]. Journal of Third Military Medical University, 2018, 40(2): 91-96. DOI： 10.16016/j.1000-5404.201707136.

摘要

在“自由伊拉克行动(operation iraqi freedom，OIF)”和“持久自由行动(operation enduring freedom，OEF)”两次战争中，爆炸冲击伤是主要的致伤机制，导致颅脑外伤(traumatic brain injury，TBI)的发生率较既往战争明显升高，达到21%~28%。轻、中、重型TBI分别占比约82.4%、8.3%和1.0%。其中，中/重型TBI仍是战亡的首要原因，而轻型TBI后遗症多。美军针对这些流行病学特征制定了对应的防治策略，主要包括：加强作战人员头部防护、采用综合救治措施防止中/重型TBI的继发性损伤、重视轻型TBI的治疗和预后、重视TBI伤员的功能康复、组织规范有序的TBI研究等，从而有效地提高了美军TBI的整体救治水平。以上经验给我军的启发诸如：①现代战争中致伤因素的变化导致TBI的流行病学发生改变，需要根据这一特点制订对应的治疗策略，并需要配套相应的诊断及治疗设备、药品和救治人员; ②增加针对性和实战化的研究; ③结合我军的战略方向，研发适合我军未来作战的TBI战救策略。

Abstract

During the Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom launched by the US army

explosive blast injury was the main mechanism of injuries and caused an incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) of 21%~28% among the military personnel

a rate significant higher than those in previous military actions. In these two operations

the percentages of mild

moderate and severe TBI were 82.4%

8.3% and 1%

respectively

Moderate and severe TBI still remained the leading cause of death

while mild TBI was associated with a high incidence of post-concussive symptoms. The US army devised corresponding prevention and treatment strategies based on the epidemiological features of these injuries

including enhancement of head protection

comprehensive measures for controlling secondary injury of moderate and severe TBI

reinforced measures for improving treatment and prognosis of mild TBI

and efforts to encourage systemic TBI research and promote rehabilitation of TBI patients. These measures helped to improve the overall outcomes of TBI. The experiences of the US army provide valuable clues to improve the management of TBI in the Chinese army forces. In modern military operations

the epidemiology of TBI has undergone significant changes due to the changes in the injury mechanisms

for which corresponding management strategies should be devised and related diagnostic and treatment equipment

medicines and personnel should be provided. More specific TBI researches that are closely relevant to the actual conditions in combats need to be promoted. The strategies for TBI management must be improved according to our national strategy to better meet the needs in future military operations.

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references

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