1.山东第二医科大学临床医学院,潍坊 261000
2.山东第一医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤内科,济南 250000
Received:06 January 2025,
Revised:2025-03-10,
Accepted:19 March 2025,
Published:28 June 2025
移动端阅览
谢虹,王俊.免疫检查点抑制剂相关性肺炎的风险因素和预后[J].重庆医科大学学报,2025,50(6):734-741.
Xie Hong,Wang Jun.Risk factors and prognosis of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis[J].Journal of Chongqing Medical University,2025,50(6):734-741.
谢虹,王俊.免疫检查点抑制剂相关性肺炎的风险因素和预后[J].重庆医科大学学报,2025,50(6):734-741. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003844.
Xie Hong,Wang Jun.Risk factors and prognosis of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis[J].Journal of Chongqing Medical University,2025,50(6):734-741. DOI: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.003844.
免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)被广泛应用于晚期实体瘤治疗,并获得了良好的临床获益。然而,ICIs在激活机体免疫反应发挥抗肿瘤效果的同时,也会导致全身多个器官系统的炎症反应,称为免疫相关不良事件(immune-related adverse events,irAEs)。免疫检查点抑制剂肺炎(checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis,CIP)是严重的irAE之一,可影响免疫治疗疗效,甚至危及生命。因此,识别CIP的危险因素和寻找预测标志物对于实体瘤患者接受ICIs治疗的前期评估和全程监测和治疗至关重要。本文总结了CIP的研究进展,包括发生率、危险因素、治疗及预后,并讨论了CIP的管理和预测生物标志物,为临床诊断和机制研究提供参考。
Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) have been widely used in the treatment of advanced solid tumors and have brought good clinical benefits. However,while ICIs can activate immune response in the body to exert an antitumor effect,they can also cause inflammatory response in multiple organ systems throughout the body,known as immune-related adverse events(irAEs). Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis(CIP) is one of severe irAEs,which can affect the efficacy of immunotherapy and even be life-threatening. Therefore,identifying the risk factors for CIP and exploring related predictive markers are of great importance for the pre-treatment assessment and whole-course monitoring and treatment of patients with solid tumors receiving ICIs. This article summarizes the research advances in CIP,including incidence rate,risk factors,treatment,and prognosis,and discusses the biomarkers for the clinical management and prediction of CIP,in order to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and mechanism studies.
Ramos-Casals M , Brahmer JR , Callahan MK , et al . Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors [J ] . Nat Rev Dis Primers , 2020 , 6 : 38 .
Borghaei H , Gettinger S , Vokes EE , et al . Five-year outcomes from the randomized,phase Ⅲ trials CheckMate 017 and 057:nivolumab versus docetaxel in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer [J ] . J Clin Oncol , 2021 , 39 ( 7 ): 723 - 733 .
Berner F , Bomze D , Diem S , et al . Association of checkpoint inhibitor-induced toxic effects with shared cancer and tissue antigens in non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . JAMA Oncol , 2019 , 5 ( 7 ): 1043 - 1047 .
Marschner D , Falk M , Javorniczky NR , et al . MicroRNA-146a regulates immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors [J ] . JCI Insight , 2020 , 5 ( 6 ): 132334 .
Fernández-Ruiz M . Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pulmonary infiltrates in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors [J ] . Rev Esp Quimioter , 2022 , 35 ( Suppl 3 ): S67 - S73 .
Guo X , Chen S , Wang X , et al . Immune-related pulmonary toxicities of checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis,mechanism,and treatment strategies [J ] . Front Immunol , 2023 , 14 : 1138483 .
Brahmer JR , Lacchetti C , Schneider BJ , et al . Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy:American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline [J ] . J Clin Oncol , 2018 , 36 ( 17 ): 1714 - 1768 .
Wang DY , Salem JE , Cohen JV , et al . Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . JAMA Oncol , 2018 , 4 ( 12 ): 1721 - 1728 .
Goldman JW , Dvorkin M , Chen YB , et al . Durvalumab,with or without tremelimumab,plus platinum–etoposide versus platinum–etoposide alone in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer(CASPIAN):updated results from a randomised,controlled,open-label,phase 3 trial [J ] . Lancet Oncol , 2021 , 22 ( 1 ): 51 - 65 .
Reck M , Rodríguez-Abreu D , Robinson AG , et al . Five-year outcomes with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score≥50 [J ] . J Clin Oncol , 2021 , 39 ( 21 ): 2339 - 2349 .
André T , Shiu KK , Kim TW , et al . Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability-high advanced colorectal cancer [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2020 , 383 ( 23 ): 2207 - 2218 .
Lu Z , Wang J , Shu Y , et al . Sintilimab versus placebo in combination with chemotherapy as first line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ORIENT-15):multicentre,randomised,double blind,phase 3 trial [J ] . BMJ , 2022 , 377 : e068714 .
Larkin J , Chiarion-Sileni V , Gonzalez R , et al . Five-year survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2019 , 381 ( 16 ): 1535 - 1546 .
Tawbi HA , Schadendorf D , Lipson EJ , et al . Relatlimab and nivolumab versus nivolumab in untreated advanced melanoma [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2022 , 386 ( 1 ): 24 - 34 .
Yan XQ , Ye MJ , Zou Q , et al . Toripalimab plus axitinib versus sunitinib as first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma:RENOTORCH,a randomized,open-label,phase Ⅲ study [J ] . Ann Oncol , 2024 , 35 ( 2 ): 190 - 199 .
Eskander RN , Sill MW , Beffa L , et al . Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in advanced endometrial cancer [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2023 , 388 ( 23 ): 2159 - 2170 .
Zhou Q , Chen M , Jiang O , et al . Sugemalimab versus placebo after concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced,unresectable,stage Ⅲ non-small-cell lung cancer in China (GEMSTONE-301):interim results of a randomised,double-blind,multicentre,phase 3 trial [J ] . Lancet Oncol , 2022 , 23 ( 2 ): 209 - 219 .
Liu X , Hao N , Yang S , et al . Predictive factors and prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients [J ] . Front Oncol , 2023 , 13 : 1145143 .
Suresh K , Voong KR , Shankar B , et al . Pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint immunotherapy:incidence and risk factors [J ] . J Thorac Oncol , 2018 , 13 ( 12 ): 1930 - 1939 .
Sawa K , Sato I , Takeuchi M , et al . Risk of pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients with preexisting interstitial lung diseases treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors:a nationwide retrospective cohort study [J ] . Cancer Immunol Immunother , 2023 , 72 ( 3 ): 591 - 598 .
Uchida Y , Kinose D , Nagatani Y , et al . Risk factors for pneumonitis in advanced extrapulmonary cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors [J ] . BMC Cancer , 2022 , 22 ( 1 ): 551 .
Zhang C , Gao F , Jin S , et al . Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in Chinese lung cancer patients:clinical characteristics and risk factors [J ] . Ann Palliat Med , 2020 , 9 ( 6 ): 3957 - 3965 .
Deng HY , Deng JT , Lin XQ , et al . A risk-scoring model for severe checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis:a case–control study [J ] . Clin Drug Investig , 2023 , 43 ( 5 ): 347 - 357 .
Chao Y , Zhou J , Hsu S , et al . Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . Transl Lung Cancer Res , 2022 , 11 ( 2 ): 295 - 306 .
Araki T , Kanda S , Ide T , et al . Antiplatelet drugs may increase the risk for checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in advanced cancer patients [J ] . ESMO Open , 2023 , 8 ( 6 ): 102030 .
Jia XH , Chu XL , Jiang LL , et al . Predicting checkpoint inhibitors pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer using a dynamic online hypertension nomogram [J ] . Lung Cancer , 2022 , 170 : 74 - 84 .
Jung J , Kim HY , Kim DG , et al . Sequential treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor followed by a small-molecule targeted agent increases drug-induced pneumonitis [J ] . Cancer Res Treat , 2021 , 53 ( 1 ): 77 - 86 .
Cho JY , Kim J , Lee JS , et al . Characteristics,incidence,and risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . Lung Cancer , 2018 , 125 : 150 - 156 .
Shimoji K , Masuda T , Yamaguchi K , et al . Association of preexisting interstitial lung abnormalities with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease among patients with nonlung cancers [J ] . JAMA Netw Open , 2020 , 3 ( 11 ): e2022906 .
Cui P , Liu Z , Wang G , et al . Risk factors for pneumonitis in patients treated with anti-programmed death-1 therapy:a case-control study [J ] . Cancer Med , 2018 , 7 ( 8 ): 4115 - 4120 .
Fujisawa Y , Yoshino K , Otsuka A , et al . Fluctuations in routine blood count might signal severe immune-related adverse events in melanoma patients treated with nivolumab [J ] . J Dermatol Sci , 2017 , 88 ( 2 ): 225 - 231 .
Li XQ , Lv F , Wang Y , et al . Establishment and validation of nomogram for predicting immuno checkpoint inhibitor related pneumonia [J ] . BMC Pulm Med , 2022 , 22 ( 1 ): 331 .
Zhang Y , Zhang L , Cao S , et al . A nomogram model for predicting the risk of checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer [J ] . Cancer Med , 2023 , 12 ( 15 ): 15998 - 16010 .
Sheshadri A , Goizueta AA , Shannon VR , et al . Pneumonitis after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in patients with acute myeloid leukemia:a retrospective cohort study [J ] . Cancer , 2022 , 128 ( 14 ): 2736 - 2745 .
Sugano T , Seike M , Saito Y , et al . Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated interstitial lung diseases correlate with better prognosis in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer [J ] . Thorac Cancer , 2020 , 11 ( 4 ): 1052 - 1060 .
Okada N , Matsuoka R , Sakurada T , et al . Risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related interstitial lung disease in patients with lung cancer:a single-institution retrospective study [J ] . Sci Rep , 2020 , 10 : 13773 .
Atchley WT , Alvarez C , Saxena-Beem S , et al . Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in lung cancer real-world incidence,risk factors,and management practices across six health care centers in north Carolina [J ] . Chest , 2021 , 160 ( 2 ): 731 - 742 .
Wong A , Riley M , Zhao S , et al . Association between pretreatment chest imaging and immune checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis among patients with lung cancer [J ] . J Natl Compr Canc Netw , 2023 , 21 ( 11 ): 1164 - 1171 .
Sumi T , Sekikawa M , Koshino Y , et al . Risk factors for severe immune-related pneumonitis after nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy for non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . Thorac Cancer , 2024 , 15 ( 20 ): 1572 - 1581 .
Suzuki Y , Karayama M , Uto T , et al . Assessment of immune-related interstitial lung disease in patients with NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors:a multicenter prospective study [J ] . J Thorac Oncol , 2020 , 15 ( 8 ): 1317 - 1327 .
Moda M , Saito H , Kato T , et al . Tumor invasion in the central airway is a risk factor for early-onset checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . Thorac Cancer , 2020 , 11 ( 12 ): 3576 - 3584 .
Yamaguchi T , Shimizu J , Hasegawa T , et al . Pre-existing interstitial lung disease is associated with onset of nivolumab-induced pneumonitis in patients with solid tumors:a retrospective analysis [J ] . BMC Cancer , 2021 , 21 ( 1 ): 924 .
Cortellini A , Bersanelli M , Santini D , et al . Another side of the association between body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes of cancer patients receiving programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors:a multicentre analysis of immune-related adverse events [J ] . Eur J Cancer , 2020 , 128 : 17 - 26 .
Delaunay M , Cadranel J , Lusque A , et al . Immune-checkpoint inhibitors associated with interstitial lung disease in cancer patients [J ] . Eur Respir J , 2017 , 50 ( 2 ): 1700050 .
Valpione S , Pasquali S , Campana LG , et al . Sex and interleukin-6 are prognostic factors for autoimmune toxicity following treatment with anti-CTLA4 blockade [J ] . J Transl Med , 2018 , 16 ( 1 ): 94 .
Schoenfeld JD , Nishino M , Severgnini M , et al . Pneumonitis resulting from radiation and immune checkpoint blockade illustrates characteristic clinical,radiologic and circulating biomarker features [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2019 , 7 ( 1 ): 112 .
Voong KR , Hazell SZ , Fu W , et al . Relationship between prior radiotherapy and checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer [J ] . Clin Lung Cancer , 2019 , 20 ( 4 ): 470 - 479 .
Zeng Z , Qu J , Yao Y , et al . Clinical outcomes and risk factor of immune checkpoint inhibitors-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J ] . BMC Pulm Med , 2022 , 22 ( 1 ): 458 .
Galant-Swafford J , Troesch A , Tran L , et al . Landscape of immune-related pneumonitis in cancer patients with asthma being treated with immune checkpoint blockade [J ] . Oncology , 2020 , 98 ( 2 ): 123 - 130 .
Frost N , Unger K , Blum TG , et al . Management,risk factors and prognostic impact of checkpoint-inhibitor pneumonitis(CIP) in lung cancer:a multicenter observational analysis [J ] . Lung Cancer , 2023 , 179 : 107184 .
Osaki M , Arai T , Sumikawa H , et al . Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in lung cancer patients with interstitial lung disease:significance of radiological pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis [J ] . Oncology , 2023 , 101 ( 5 ): 303 - 312 .
Ma K , Lu Y , Jiang S , et al . The relative risk and incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitors related pneumonitis in patients with advanced cancer:a meta-analysis [J ] . Front Pharmacol , 2018 , 9 : 1430 .
Suresh K , Psoter KJ , Voong KR , et al . Impact of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis on survival in NSCLC patients receiving immune checkpoint immunotherapy [J ] . J Thorac Oncol , 2019 , 14 ( 3 ): 494 - 502 .
Kong Y , Hong L , Xu XC , et al . The relative risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer:meta-analyses of controlled clinical trials [J ] . PLoS One , 2024 , 19 ( 4 ): e0301931 .
Albarrán V , Guerrero P , de Quevedo CG , et al . Negative association of steroids with immunotherapy efficacy in a multi-tumor cohort:time and dose-dependent [J ] . Cancer Immunol Immunother , 2024 , 73 ( 10 ): 186 .
Lin X , Lu T , Li S , et al . Cytomegalovirus infection as an underestimated trigger for checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in lung cancer:a retrospective study [J ] . Clin Transl Oncol , 2021 , 23 ( 2 ): 389 - 396 .
Watanabe S , Ota T , Hayashi M , et al . Prognostic significance of the radiologic features of pneumonitis induced by anti-PD-1 therapy [J ] . Cancer Med , 2020 , 9 ( 9 ): 3070 - 3077 .
Shaverdian N , Lisberg AE , Bornazyan K , et al . Previous radiotherapy and the clinical activity and toxicity of pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer:a secondary analysis of the KEYNOTE-001 phase 1 trial [J ] . Lancet Oncol , 2017 , 18 ( 7 ): 895 - 903 .
Anscher MS , Arora S , Weinstock C , et al . Association of radiation therapy with risk of adverse events in patients receiving immunotherapy:a pooled analysis of trials in the US food and drug administration database [J ] . JAMA Oncol , 2022 , 8 ( 2 ): 232 - 240 .
Ma Z , Hu J , Wu F , et al . Respiratory adverse effects in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Radiat Oncol , 2024 , 19 ( 1 ): 134 .
Mok TSK , Wu YL , Kudaba I , et al . Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated,PD-L1-expressing,locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042):a randomised,open-label,controlled,phase 3 trial [J ] . Lancet , 2019 , 393 ( 10183 ): 1819 - 1830 .
Herbst RS , Giaccone G , de Marinis F , et al . Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of PD-L1-selected patients with NSCLC [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2020 , 383 ( 14 ): 1328 - 1339 .
Su Q , Zhu EC , Wu JB , et al . Risk of pneumonitis and pneumonia associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors for solid tumors:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Front Immunol , 2019 , 10 : 108 .
Herbst RS , Baas P , Kim DW , et al . Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated,PD-L1-positive,advanced non-small-cell lung cancer(KEYNOTE-010):a randomised controlled trial [J ] . Lancet , 2016 , 387 ( 10027 ): 1540 - 1550 .
Zhou C , Chen G , Huang Y , et al . Camrelizumab plus carboplatin and pemetrexed versus chemotherapy alone in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (CameL):a randomised,open-label,multicentre,phase 3 trial [J ] . Lancet Respir Med , 2021 , 9 ( 3 ): 305 - 314 .
Socinski MA , Jotte RM , Cappuzzo F , et al . Atezolizumab for first-line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2018 , 378 ( 24 ): 2288 - 2301 .
Rizvi NA , Cho BC , Reinmuth N , et al . Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab vs standard chemotherapy in first-line treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer:the MYSTIC phase 3 randomized clinical trial [J ] . JAMA Oncol , 2020 , 6 ( 5 ): 661 - 674 .
Yin J , Wu Y , Yang X , et al . Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis induced by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer:occurrence and mechanism [J ] . Front Immunol , 2022 , 13 : 830631 .
Han L , Li G , Li H , et al . Risk of immune-related pneumonitis with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in different cancer types and treatment regimens:a systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 randomized controlled trials [J ] . Chemotherapy , 2023 , 68 ( 1 ): 1 - 15 .
Chu XL , Zhao J , Zhou J , et al . Association of baseline peripheral-blood eosinophil count with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis and clinical outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors [J ] . Lung Cancer , 2020 , 150 : 76 - 82 .
Li Y , Jia X , Du Y , et al . Eosinophil as a biomarker for diagnosis,prediction,and prognosis evaluation of severe checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis [J ] . Front Oncol , 2022 , 12 : 827199 .
Hu X , Wang L , Shang B , et al . Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated toxicity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer:an updated understanding of risk factors [J ] . Front Immunol , 2023 , 14 : 1094414 .
Yang J , Lyu MC , Feng XR , et al . The predict factors and clinical prognosis value of immune-related pneumonia of receiving PD-1 inhibitor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer:a retrospective study [J ] . Int Immunopharmacol , 2024 , 142 : 113140 .
Matsukane R , Watanabe H , Minami H , et al . Continuous monitoring of neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio for estimating the onset,severity,and subsequent prognosis of immune related adverse events [J ] . Sci Rep , 2021 , 11 : 1324 .
Fukihara J , Sakamoto K , Koyama J , et al . Prognostic impact and risk factors of immune-related pneumonitis in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer who received programmed death 1 inhibitors [J ] . Clin Lung Cancer , 2019 , 20 ( 6 ): 442 - 450 .
Tan P , Huang W , He X , et al . Risk factors for refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer [J ] . J Immunother , 2023 , 46 ( 2 ): 64 - 73 .
Tahir SA , Gao J , Miura Y , et al . Autoimmune antibodies correlate with immune checkpoint therapy-induced toxicities [J ] . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 2019 , 116 ( 44 ): 22246 - 22251 .
Tanahashi H , Yamaguchi K , Kurose K , et al . Predictive value of serum high-mobility group box 1 levels for checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis [J ] . Respirology , 2023 , 28 ( 4 ): 380 - 388 .
Saito S , Abe T , Iino M , et al . Incidence and risk factors for pneumonitis among patients with lung cancer who received immune checkpoint inhibitors after palliative thoracic radiotherapy [J ] . J Radiat Res , 2021 , 62 ( 4 ): 669 - 675 .
Wang H , Zhou F , Zhao C , et al . Interleukin-10 is a promising marker for immune-related adverse events in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immunotherapy [J ] . Front Immunol , 2022 , 13 : 840313 .
Murata D , Azuma K , Murotani K , et al . Survival and soluble immune mediators of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease in patients with non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . Lung Cancer , 2023 , 184 : 107351 .
Ono K , Ono H , Toi Y , et al . Association of immune-related pneumonitis with clinical benefit of anti-programmed cell death-1 monotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . Cancer Med , 2021 , 10 ( 14 ): 4796 - 4804 .
Zhang J , Gao A , Wang S , et al . Correlation between immune-related adverse events and efficacy of PD-(L) 1 inhibitors in small cell lung cancer:a multi-center retrospective study [J ] . Respir Res , 2024 , 25 ( 1 ): 256 .
Redelman-Sidi G , Michielin O , Cervera C , et al . ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts(ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies:an infectious diseases perspective(Immune checkpoint inhibitors,cell adhesion inhibitors,sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators and proteasome inhibitors) [J ] . Clin Microbiol Infect , 2018 , 24 ( Suppl 2 ): S95 - S107 .
Fujimoto D , Miura S , Yoshimura K , et al . Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy-induced pneumonitis in chemo-naïve patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer:a multicentre,retrospective cohort study [J ] . Eur J Cancer , 2021 , 150 : 63 - 72 .
Huang Y , Ma W , Wu D , et al . Prognostic relevance of immune-related adverse events in lung cancer patients undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Transl Lung Cancer Res , 2024 , 13 ( 7 ): 1559 - 1584 .
Tone M , Izumo T , Awano N , et al . High mortality and poor treatment efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with severe grade checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer [J ] . Thorac Cancer , 2019 , 10 ( 10 ): 2006 - 2012 .
Huang A , Xu Y , Zang X , et al . Radiographic features and prognosis of early- and late-onset non-small cell lung cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis [J ] . BMC Cancer , 2021 , 21 ( 1 ): 634 .
Soto-Lanza F , Glick L , Chan C , et al . Long-term clinical,radiological,and mortality outcomes following pneumonitis in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors:a retrospective analysis [J ] . Clin Lung Cancer , 2024 , 25 ( 7 ): 624 - 633 .
Shimomura K , Yamaguchi T , Oya Y , et al . Impact of corticosteroids for IrAEs on the clinical outcome of immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC [J ] . Anticancer Res , 2022 , 42 ( 12 ): 5961 - 5969 .
Postow MA . Managing immune checkpoint-blocking antibody side effects [J ] . Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book , 2015 : 76 - 83 .
Weber JS , Postow M , Lao CD , et al . Management of adverse events following treatment with anti-programmed death-1 agents [J ] . Oncologist , 2016 , 21 ( 10 ): 1230 - 1240 .
Kyi C , Hellmann MD , Wolchok JD , et al . Opportunistic infections in patients treated with immunotherapy for cancer [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2014 , 2 : 19 .
Haanen JBAG , Carbonnel F , Robert C , et al . Management of toxicities from immunotherapy:ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis,treatment and follow-up [J ] . Ann Oncol , 2017 , 28 : 119 - 142 .
Champiat S , Lambotte O , Barreau E , et al . Management of immune checkpoint blockade dysimmune toxicities:a collaborative position paper [J ] . Ann Oncol , 2016 , 27 ( 4 ): 559 - 574 .
Spain L , Diem S , Larkin J . Management of toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors [J ] . Cancer Treat Rev , 2016 , 44 : 51 - 60 .
Hu X , Ren J , Xue Q , et al . Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 associated checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer:Occurrence,pathogenesis and risk factors (Review) [J ] . Int J Oncol , 2023 , 63 ( 5 ): 122 .
Valente M , Colucci M , Vegni V , et al . A multidisciplinary approach to improve the management of immune-checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis [J ] . Onco Targets Ther , 2024 , 17 : 673 - 681 .
Allouchery M , Lombard T , Martin M , et al . Safety of immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after discontinuation for grade ≥2 immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2020 , 8 ( 2 ): e001622 .
Dolladille C , Ederhy S , Sassier M , et al . Immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer [J ] . JAMA Oncol , 2020 , 6 ( 6 ): 865 - 871 .
Beattie J , Rizvi H , Fuentes P , et al . Success and failure of additional immune modulators in steroid -refractory/resistant pneumonitis related to immune checkpoint blockade [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2021 , 9 ( 2 ): e001884 .
Balaji A , Hsu M , Lin CT , et al . Ster oid-refractory PD-(L) 1 pneumonitis:incidence,clinical features,treatment,and outcomes [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2021 , 9 ( 1 ): e001731 .
0
Views
14
下载量
0
CSCD
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
京公网安备11010802024621
