1.Norton R, Kobusingye O. Injuries. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1723–30.

2.Ji S-Z, Luo P-F, Kong Z-D, Zheng X-F, Huang G-F, Wang G-Y, et al.   Pre-hospital emergency burn management in shanghai: analysis of 1868 burn patients. Burns. 2012;38:1174–80.

3.Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al.   GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924–6.

4.Willy CSD. Literature analysis (2005-2012) on the topic antiseptics for the treatment of acute soft tissue and bone wounds following the guidelines of evidence-based medicine. Lindqvist Book Publishing, 2013.

5.ISBI Practice Guidelines Committee, Advisory Subcommittee, Steering Subcommittee. ISBI practice guidelines for burn care, part 2. Burns. 2018;44:1617–706.

6.Shrivastava P, Goel A. Pre-hospital care in burn injury. Indian J Plast Surg. 2010;43:S15–22.

7.Allison K, Porter K. Consensus on the prehospital approach to burns patient management. Emerg Med J. 2004;21:112–4.

8.Hudspith J, Rayatt S. First aid and treatment of minor burns. BMJ. 2004;328:1487–9.

9.Grunwald TB, Garner WL. Acute burns. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:311e–9e.

10.Jackson DM. The diagnosis of the depth of burning. Br J Surg. 1953;40:588–96.

11.Nisanci M, Eski M, Sahin I, Ilgan S, Isik S. Saving the zone of stasis in burns with activated protein C: an experimental study in rats. Burns. 2010;36:397–402.

12.Jakobsson OP, Arturson G. The effect of prompt local cooling on oedema formation in scalded rat paws. Burns. 1985;12:8–15.

13.Altintas B, Altintas AA, Kraemer R, Sorg H, Vogt PM, Altintas MA. Acute effects of local cold therapy in superficial burns on pain, in vivo microcirculation, edema formation and histomorphology. Burns. 2014;40:915–21.

14.Cuttle L, Pearn J, McMillan JR, Kimble RM. A review of first aid treatments for burn injuries. Burns. 2009;35:768–75.

15.Frear CC, Griffin B, Kimble R. Adequacy of cool running water first aid by healthcare professionals in the treatment of paediatric burns: a cross‐sectional study of 4537 children. Emerg Medicine Australasia. 2021;33:615–22.

16.Griffin BR, Frear CC, Babl F, Oakley E, Kimble RM. Cool running water first aid decreases skin grafting requirements in Pediatric burns: a cohort study of two thousand four hundred ninety-five children. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75:75–85.

17.Wood FM, Phillips M, Jovic T, Cassidy JT, Cameron P, Edgar DW, et al.   Water first aid is beneficial in humans post-burn: evidence from a bi-National Cohort Study. Latus J, editor. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147259.

18.Harish V, Tiwari N, Fisher OM, Li Z, Maitz PKM. First aid improves clinical outcomes in burn injuries: evidence from a cohort study of 4918 patients. Burns. 2019;45:433–9.

20.Griffin B, Cabilan CJ, Ayoub B, Xu HG, Palmieri T, Kimble R, et al.   The effect of 20 minutes of cool running water first aid within three hours of thermal burn injury on patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Australasian Emergency Care. 2022;25:367–76.

21.Djärv T, Douma M, Palmieri T, Meyran D, Berry D, Kloeck D, et al.   Duration of cooling with water for thermal burns as a first aid intervention: a systematic review. Burns. 2022;48:251–62.

22.Cuttle L, Kempf M, Liu P-Y, Kravchuk O, Kimble RM. The optimal duration and delay of first aid treatment for deep partial thickness burn injuries. Burns. 2010;36:673–9.

23.Cho YS, Choi YH. Comparison of three cooling methods for burn patients: a randomized clinical trial. Burns. 2017;43:502–8.

24.Yuan J, Wu C, Holland AJA, Harvey JG, Martin HCO, La Hei ER, et al.   Assessment of cooling on an acute scald burn injury in a porcine model. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2007;28:514–20.

25.Wright EH, Tyler M, Vojnovic B, Pleat J, Harris A, Furniss D. Human model of burn injury that quantifies the benefit of cooling as a first aid measure. Br J Surg. 2019;106:1472–9.

26.Venter THJ, Karpelowsky JS, Rode H. Cooling of the burn wound: the ideal temperature of the coolant. Burns. 2007;33:917–22.

27.The Australian and New Zealand Burn Association. Emergency management of severe burns manual, 7th edn. Sydney, Australia:The Education Committee of the Australian and New Zealand Burns Association, Ltd., 2002.

28.Schnell HM, Zaspel JG. Cooling extensive burns: sprayed coolants can improve initial cooling management. Burns. 2008;34:505–8.

29.Walker A. Pre-hospital management of burns by the UK fire service. Emerg Med J. 2005;22:205–8.

30.Cuttle L, Kravchuk O, Wallis B, Kimble RM. An audit of first-aid treatment of pediatric burns patients and their clinical outcome. J Burn Care Res.  2009;30:1028–34.

31.Allison K. The UK pre-hospital management of burn patients: current practice and the need for a standard approach. Burns. 2002;28:135–42.

32.Holbert MD, Kimble RM, Chatfield M, Griffin BR. Effectiveness of a hydrogel dressing as an analgesic adjunct to first aid for the treatment of acute paediatric burn injuries: a prospective randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e039981.

33.Durrant CAT, Simpson AR, Williams G. Thermal injury – the first 24h. Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care. 2008;19:256–63.

19.Harish V, Li Z, Maitz PKM. First aid is associated with improved outcomes in large body surface area burns. Burns. 2019;45:1743–8.

34.Cox SG, Martinez R, Glick A, Numanoglu A, Rode H. A review of community management of paediatric burns. Burns. 2015;41:1805–10.

35.Baartmans MGA, De Jong AEE, Van Baar ME, Beerthuizen GIJM, Van Loey NEE, Tibboel D, et al.   Early management in children with burns: cooling, wound care and pain management. Burns. 2016;42:777–82.

36.Steele JE, Atkins JL, Vizcaychipi MP. Factors at scene and in transfer related to the development of hypothermia in major burns. Ann Burns Fire Disasters.  2016;29:103–7.

37.Lönnecker S, Schoder V. Hypothermia in patients with burn injuries: influence of prehospital treatment. Chirurg. 2001;72:164–7.

38.Singer AJ, Taira BR, Thode HC, Jr, McCormack JE, Shapiro M, Aydin A, et al.   The association between hypothermia, prehospital cooling, and mortality in burn victims. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17:456–9.

39.Legrand M, Barraud D, Constant I, Devauchelle P, Donat N, Fontaine M, et al.   Management of severe thermal burns in the acute phase in adults and children. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39:253–67.

40.Zideman DA, De Buck ED, Singletary EM, Cassan P, Chalkias AF, Evans TR,et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 9. First aid. Resuscitation. 2015;95:278–87.

41.McLure M, Macneil F, Wood FM, Cuttle L, Eastwood K, Bray J, et al.   A rapid review of burns first aid guidelines: is there consistency across international guidelines?  Cureus. 2021;13:e15779.

42.Karpelowsky JS, Wallis L, Madaree A, Rode H, South African Burn Society. South African burn society burn stabilisation protocol. S Afr Med J. 2007;97:574–7.

43.duKamp A. Deroofing minor burn blisters–what is the evidence?  Accid Emerg Nurs. 2001;9:217–21.

44.Wilson A, Leeming A. Cervical cytology screening: a comparison of two call systems. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295:181–2.

45.Sargent RL. Management of Blisters in the partial-thickness burn: an integrative research review. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2006;27:66–81.

46.Pan S-C, Wu L-W, Chen C-L, Shieh S-J, Chiu H-Y. Deep partial thickness burn blister fluid promotes neovascularization in the early stage of burn wound healing: burn fluid in burn wound neovascularization. Wound Repair Regen. 2010;18:311–8.

47.Ro H-S, Shin JY, Sabbagh MD, Roh S-G, Chang SC, Lee N-H. Effectiveness of aspiration or deroofing for blister management in patients with burns: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(17):e0563.

48.Gimbel NS, Kapetansky DI, Weissman F, Pinkus HK. A study of epithelization in blistered burns. AMA Arch Surg. 1957;74:800–3.

49.Yao Y, Zhang A, Yuan C, Chen X, Liu Y. Recent trends on burn wound care: hydrogel dressings and scaffolds. Biomater Sci. 2021;9:4523–40.

50.Gnaneswaran N, Perera E, Perera M, Sawhney R. Cutaneous chemical burns: assessment and early management. Aust Fam Physician. 2015;44:135–9.

51.Bromberg BE, Song IC, Walden RH. Hydrotherapy of chemical burns. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1965;35:85–95.

52.Leonard LG, Scheulen JJ, Munster AM. Chemical burns: effect of prompt first aid. J Trauma. 1982;22:420–3.

53.Singer A, Sagi A, Ben Meir P, Rosenberg L. Chemical burns: our 10-year experience. Burns. 1992;18:250–2.

54.Tan T, Wong DSY. Chemical burns revisited: what is the most appropriate method of decontamination?  Burns. 2015;41:761–3.

55.Chai H, Chaudhari N, Kornhaber R, Cuttle L, Fear M, Wood F, et al.   Chemical burn to the skin: a systematic review of first aid impacts on clinical outcomes. Burns. 2022;48:1527–43.

56.Palao R, Monge I, Ruiz M, Barret JP. Chemical burns: pathophysiology and treatment. Burns. 2010;36:295–304.

57.Lynn DD, Zukin LM, Dellavalle R. The safety and efficacy of Diphoterine for ocular and cutaneous burns in humans. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2017;36:185–92.

58.Donoghue AM. Diphoterine for alkali chemical splashes to the skin at alumina refineries. Int J Dermatology. 2010;49:894–900.

59.Alexander KS, Wasiak J, Cleland H. Chemical burns: Diphoterine untangled. Burns. 2018;44:752–66.

60.Horch R, Spilker G, Stark GB. Phenol burns and intoxications. Burns. 1994;20:45–50.

61.Barqouni L, Abu Shaaban N, Elessi K. Interventions for treating phosphorus burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev  2014;2014:CD008805.

62.Summerlin WT, Walder AI, Moncrief JA. White phosphorus burns and massive hemolysis. J Trauma. 1967;7:476–84.

63.Curreri PW, Asch MJ, Pruitt BA. The treatment of chemical burns: specialized diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic considerations. J Trauma. 1970;10:634–42.

64.Flammiger A, Maibach H. Sulfuric acid burns (corrosion and acute irritation): evidence-based overview to management. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2006;25:55–61.

65.Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Moreira R, Proença JB, Santos A, Duarte JA, et al.   Clinical and forensic signs related to chemical burns: a mechanistic approach. Burns. 2015;41:658–79.

66.Yu Y, Sun R, Gu J, Zhang Y, Tai N. Management of a man with Hydrofluoric Acid Burns: a case report and review. J Burn Care Res.  2020;41:200–10.

67.Williams FN, Lee JO. Total Burn Care || Chemical Burns. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018.

68.Lee RC, Astumian RD. The physicochemical basis for thermal and non-thermal “burn” injuries. Burns. 1996;22:509–19.

69.Koumbourlis AC. Electrical injuries. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:S424–30.

70.Lee DH, Desai MJ, Gauger EM. Electrical injuries of the hand and upper extremity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27:e1–8.

71.Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, Donnino M, Sinz E, Lavonas EJ, et al.   Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 Suppl 3):S829–61.

72.Bernal E. Total Burn Care || Electrical Injuries. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2018;38:396–402.

73. International Best Practice Guidelines: Effective skin and wound management of non- complex burns. Wounds International, 2014.

74.Heimbach D, Engrav L, Grube B, Marvin J. Burn depth: a review. World J Surg. 1992;16:10–5.

75.Devgan L, Bhat S, Aylward S, Spence RJ. Modalities for the assessment of burn wound depth. Journal of burns and wounds. 2006;5:e2.

76.Schulz T, Marotz J, Seider S, Langer S, Leuschner S, Siemers F. Burn depth assessment using hyperspectral imaging in a prospective single center study. Burns. 2022;48:1112–9.

77.Still JM, Law EJ, Klavuhn KG, Island TC, Holtz JZ. Diagnosis of burn depth using laser-induced indocyanine green fluorescence: a preliminary clinical trial. Burns. 2001;27:364–71.

78.Heimbach DM, Afromowitz MA, Engrav LH, Marvin JA, Perry B. Burn depth estimation--man or machine. J Trauma. 1984;24:373–8.

79.Riordan CL, McDonough M, Davidson JM, Corley R, Perlov C, Barton R, et al.   Noncontact laser Doppler imaging in burn depth analysis of the extremities. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2003;24:177–86.

80.Burke-Smith A, Collier J, Jones I. A comparison of non-invasive imaging modalities: infrared thermography, spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis and laser Doppler imaging for the assessment of adult burns. Burns. 2015;41:1695–707.

81.Sen CK, Ghatak S, Gnyawali SC, Roy S, Gordillo GM. Cutaneous imaging Technologies in Acute Burn and Chronic Wound Care. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138:119S–28S.

82.Ganapathy P, Tamminedi T, Qin Y, Nanney L, Cardwell N, Pollins A, et al.   Dual-imaging system for burn depth diagnosis. Burns. 2014;40:67–81.

83.Burmeister DM, Cerna C, Becerra SC, Sloan M, Wilmink G, Christy RJ. Noninvasive techniques for the determination of burn severity in real time. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2017;38:e180–91.

84.Pape SA, Baker RD, Wilson D, Hoeksema H, Jeng JC, Spence RJ, et al.   Burn wound healing time assessed by laser Doppler imaging (LDI). Part 1: derivation of a dedicated colour code for image interpretation. Burns. 2012;38:187–94.

85.Holland AJA, Martin HCO, Cass DT. Laser Doppler imaging prediction of burn wound outcome in children. Burns. 2002;28:11–7.

86.Deitch EA, Wheelahan TM, Rose MP, Clothier J, Cotter J. Hypertrophic burn scars: analysis of variables. J Trauma. 1983;23:895–8.

87.Gangemi EN, Gregori D, Berchialla P, Zingarelli E, Cairo M, Bollero D, et al.   Epidemiology and risk factors for pathologic scarring after burn wounds. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2008;10:93–102.

88.Wachtel TL, Berry CC, Wachtel EE, Frank HA. The inter-rater reliability of estimating the size of burns from various burn area chart drawings. Burns. 2000;26:156–70.

89.Livingston EH, Lee S. Percentage of burned body surface area determination in obese and nonobese patients. J Surg Res. 2000;91:106–10.

90.Williams RY, Wohlgemuth SD. Does the “rule of nines” apply to morbidly obese burn victims?  Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2013;34:447–52.

91.Miller SF, Finley RK, Waltman M, Lincks J. Burn size estimate reliability: a study. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1991;12:546–59.

92.Perry RJ, Moore CA, Morgan BD, Plummer DL. Determining the approximate area of a burn: an inconsistency investigated and re-evaluated. BMJ. 1996;312:1338–8.

93.Mertens DM, Jenkins ME, Warden GD. Outpatient burn management. Nurs Clin North Am. 1997;32:343–64.

94.Benjamin NC, Lee JO, Norbury WB, Branski LK, Wurzer P, Jimenez CJ, et al.   Accuracy of currently used paper burn diagram vs a three-dimensional computerized model. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2017;38:e254–60.

95.Retrouvey H, Chan J, Shahrokhi S. Comparison of two-dimensional methods versus three-dimensional scanning systems in the assessment of total body surface area estimation in burn patients. Burns. 2018;44:195–200.

96.Swain AH, Azadian BS, Wakeley CJ, Shakespeare PG. Management of blisters in minor burns. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295:181.

97.Shaw J, Dibble C. Management of burns blisters. Emerg Med J. 2006;23:648–9.

98.April MD, Koyfman A, Long B. Select burn blisters should not be left intact. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76:771–3.

99.Dunn KW. The management of burn wound blisters. J Wound Care. 2001;10:250.

100.Chen X, Yan D, Gao G, et al.   Analysis of clinical data of 16 595 pediatric burn patients during fifteen years . Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi = Zhonghua Shaoshang Zazhi = Chinese Journal of Burns, 2013, 29(1): 6–10.

101.Atiyeh BS, Dibo SA, Hayek SN. Wound cleansing, topical antiseptics and wound healing. Int Wound J. 2009;6:420–30.

102.Balin AK, Pratt L. Dilute povidone-iodine solutions inhibit human skin fibroblast growth. Dermatologic Surg. 2002;28:210–4.

103.Oulé MK, Azinwi R, Bernier A-M, Kablan T, Maupertuis A-M, Mauler S, et al.   Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride-based disinfectant: a novel tool to fight meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infections. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:1523–8.

104.Shipskiĭ AV, Afanase VV, Polikarpov NA, Efimov KM, Dmitruk IB. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial action of polyhexametylenguanide hydrochloride (Biopag) and chlorhexidine bigluconate upon potential infectious agent of suppurative-inflammatory diseases of maxillo-facial region and neck. Stomatologiia (Mosk). 2007;86:46–50.

105.Warner PM, Coffee TL, Yowler CJ. Outpatient burn management. Surg Clin N Am. 2014;94:879–92.

106.Waitzman AA, Neligan PC. How to manage burns in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 1993;39:2394–400.

107.Genuino GAS, Baluyut-Angeles KV, Espiritu APT, Lapitan MCM, Buckley BS. Topical petrolatum gel alone versus topical silver sulfadiazine with standard gauze dressings for the treatment of superficial partial thickness burns in adults: a randomized controlled trial. Burns. 2014;40:1267–73.

108.Wasiak J, Cleland H. Burns: dressings. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;2015:1903.

109.Hosseini SN, Mousavinasab SN, Fallahnezhat M. Xenoderm dressing in the treatment of second degree burns. Burns. 2007;33:776–81.

110.Hosseini SN, Karimian A, Mousavinasab SN, Rahmanpour H, Yamini M, Zahmatkesh SH. Xenoderm versus 1% silver sulfadiazine in partial-thickness burns. Asian Journal of Surgery. 2009;32:234–9.

111.Adly OA, Moghazy AM, Abbas AH, Ellabban AM, Ali OS, Mohamed BA. Assessment of amniotic and polyurethane membrane dressings in the treatment of burns. Burns. 2010;36:703–10.

112.Mostaque AK, Rahman KBMA. Comparisons of the effects of biological membrane (amnion) and silver sulfadiazine in the Management of Burn Wounds in children. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2011;32:200–9.

113.Troy J, Karlnoski R, Downes K, Brown KS, Payne WG. The use of EZ Derm® in partial-thickness burns: an institutional review of 157 patients. Eplasty. 2013;13:e14.

114.Vloemans AFPM, Hermans MHE, Van Der Wal MBA, Liebregts J, Middelkoop E. Optimal treatment of partial thickness burns in children: a systematic review. Burns. 2014;40:177–90.

115.Hermans MHE. Porcine xenografts vs. (cryopreserved) allografts in the management of partial thickness burns: is there a clinical difference?  Burns. 2014;40:408–15.

116.Barret JP, Dziewulski P, Ramzy PI, Wolf SE, Desai MH, Herndon DN. Biobrane versus 1% silver sulfadiazine in second-degree pediatric burns. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:62–5.

117.Gerding RL, Imbembo AL, Fratianne RB. Biosynthetic skin substitute vs. 1% silver sulfadiazine for treatment of inpatient partial-thickness thermal burns. J Trauma. 1988;28:1265–9.

118.Gerding RL, Emerman CL, Effron D, Lukens T, Imbembo AL, Fratianne RB. Outpatient management of partial-thickness burns: biobrane® versus 1% silver sulfadiazine. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19:121–4.

119.Kumar RJ, Kimble RM, Boots R, Pegg SP. Treatment of partial-thickness burns: a prospective, randomized trial using Transcyte. ANZ J Surg. 2004;74:622–6.

120.Schwarze H, Küntscher M, Uhlig C, Hierlemann H, Prantl L, Ottomann C, et al.   Suprathel, a new skin substitute, in the Management of Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds: results of a clinical study. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60:181–5.

121.Lenselink E, Andriessen A. A cohort study on the efficacy of a polyhexanide-containing biocellulose dressing in the treatment of biofilms in wounds. J Wound Care. 2011;20:534–9.

122.Rahimi F, Rezayatmand R. Use of a biosynthetic wound dressing to treat burns: a systematic review. J Wound Care. 2020;29:S16–22.

123.Schiefer JL, Aretz GF, Fuchs PC, Bagheri M, Funk M, Schulz A, et al.   Comparison of wound healing and patient comfort in partial‐thickness burn wounds treated with SUPRATHEL and epicte hydro wound dressings. Int Wound J. 2022;19:782–90.

124.Gabriel H, Collins VN, Paul W, William S, Voigt CD, Janos CD, et al.   A prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing the outpatient treatment of Pediatric and adult partial-thickness burns with Suprathel or Mepilex ag. Journal of Burn Care & Research Official Publication of the American Burn Association. 2017;39:261–267.

125.Tan PWW, Ho WC, Song C. The use of Urgotul in the treatment of partial thickness burns and split-thickness skin graft donor sites: a prospective control study. Int Wound J. 2009;6:295–300.

126.Heyneman A, Hoeksema H, Vandekerckhove D, Pirayesh A, Monstrey S. The role of silver sulphadiazine in the conservative treatment of partial thickness burn wounds: a systematic review. Burns. 2016;42:1377–86.

127.Abedini F, Ahmadi A, Yavari A, Hosseini V, Mousavi S. Comparison of silver nylon wound dressing and silver sulfadiazine in partial burn wound therapy. Int Wound J. 2013;10:573–8.

128.Stair TO, D’Orta J, Altieri MF, Lippe MS. Polyurethane and silver sulfadiazene dressings in treatment of partial-thickness burns and abrasions. Am J Emerg Med. 1986;4:214–7.

129.Afilalo M, Dankoff J, Guttman A, Lloyd J. DuoDERM hydroactive dressing versus silver sulphadiazine/Bactigras in the emergency treatment of partial skin thickness burns. Burns. 1992;18:313–6.

130.Aboelnaga A, Elmasry M, Adly OA, Elbadawy MA, Abbas AH, Abdelrahman I, et al.   Microbial cellulose dressing compared with silver sulphadiazine for the treatment of partial thickness burns: a prospective, randomised, clinical trial. Burns. 2018;44:1982–8.

131.Broussard KC, Powers JG. Wound dressings: selecting the most appropriate type. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14:449–59.

132.Shi C, Wang C, Liu H, Li Q, Li R, Zhang Y, et al.   Selection of appropriate wound dressing for various wounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:182.

133.Stoica AE, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM. Nanomaterials for wound dressings: an up-to-date overview. Molecules. 2020;25:2699.

134.Opasanon S, Muangman P, Namviriyachote N. Clinical effectiveness of alginate silver dressing in outpatient management of partial-thickness burns. Int Wound J. 2010;7:467–71.

135.Wasiak J, Cleland H, Campbell F, Spinks A. Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013:CD002106.

136.Vlachou E, Chipp E, Shale E, Wilson YT, Papini R, Moiemen NS. The safety of nanocrystalline silver dressings on burns: a study of systemic silver absorption. Burns. 2007;33:979–85.

137.Stern HS. Silver sulphadiazine and the healing of partial thickness burns: a prospective clinical trial. Br J Plast Surg. 1989;42:581–5.

138.Lansdown ABG, Williams A. How safe is silver in wound care?  J Wound Care. 2004;13:131–6.

139.Lu S, Xiang J, Qing C, Jin S, Shi J. Effect of necrotic tissue on progressive injury in deep partial thickness burn wounds. Chin Med J. 2002;115:323–5.

140.Salibian AA, Rosario ATD, Severo LDAM, Nguyen L, Banyard DA, Toranto JD, et al.   Current concepts on burn wound conversion—a review of recent advances in understanding the secondary progressions of burns. Burns. 2016;42:1025–35.

141.Barrett S.  Mepilex ag: an antimicrobial, absorbent foam dressing with Safetac technology. Br J Nurs  2009;18:S28, S30–36.

142.Choi YM, Campbell K, Levek C, Recicar J, Moulton S. Antibiotic ointment versus a silver-based dressing for children with extremity burns: a randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54:1391–6.

143.Singh A, Bhatnagar A. Management of superficial partial thickness burn with collagen sheet dressing compared with paraffin gauze and silver sulfadiazine. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2020;33:233–8.

144.Chaganti P, Gordon I, Chao JH, Zehtabchi S. A systematic review of foam dressings for partial thickness burns. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37:1184–90.

145.Yang C, Xiong AB, He XC, Ding XB, Tian XL, Li Y, et al.   Efficacy and feasibility of amniotic membrane for the treatment of burn wounds: a meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;90:744–55.

146.Krieger Y, Rubin G, Schulz A, Rosenberg N, Levi A, Singer AJ, et al.   Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement and minimal invasive modality (mim) care of deeply burned hands. Ann Burns Fire Disasters.  2017;30:198–204.

147.Rosenberg L, Krieger Y, Bogdanov-Berezovski A, Silberstein E, Shoham Y, Singer AJ. A novel rapid and selective enzymatic debridement agent for burn wound management: a multi-center RCT. Burns. 2014;40:466–74.

148.Hirche C, Kreken Almeland S, Dheansa B, Fuchs P, Governa M, Hoeksema H, et al.   Eschar removal by bromelain based enzymatic debridement (Nexobrid®) in burns: European consensus guidelines update. Burns. 2020;46:782–96.

149.Stoica AE, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM. Hydrogel dressings for the treatment of burn wounds: an up-to-date overview. Materials. 2020;13:2853.

150.Rosenberg L, Lapid O, Bogdanov-Berezovsky A, Glesinger R, Krieger Y, Silberstein E, et al.   Safety and efficacy of a proteolytic enzyme for enzymatic burn débridement: a preliminary report. Burns. 2004;30:843–50.

151.Özcan C, Ergün O, Çelik A, Çördük N, Özok G. Enzymatic debridement of burn wound with collagenase in children with partial-thickness burns. Burns. 2002;28:791–4.

152.Ramundo J, Gray M. Enzymatic wound debridement: journal of wound. Ostomy and Continence Nursing. 2008;35:273–80.

153.Schulz A, Shoham Y, Rosenberg L, Rothermund I, Perbix W, Christian Fuchs P, et al.   Enzymatic versus traditional surgical debridement of severely burned hands: a comparison of selectivity, efficacy, healing time, and three-month scar quality. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2017;38:e745–55.

154.Boykin JV, Eriksson E, Pittman RN. In vivo microcirculation of a scald burn and the progression of postburn dermal ischemia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66:191–8.

155.Nanney LB, Wenczak BA, Lynch JB. Progressive burn injury documented with vimentin immunostaining. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1996;17:191–8.

156.Han C, Cheng B, Wu P. Writing group of growth factor guideline on behalf of Chinese burn association. Clinical guideline on topical growth factors for skin wounds. Burns & Trauma. 2020;8:tkaa035.

157.Zhang Y, Wang T, He J, Dong J. Growth factor therapy in patients with partial‐thickness burns: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int Wound J. 2016;13:354–66.

158.Gragnani A, Tonarelli E, Chomiski V, Piccolo Daher R, Ferreira LM. Fibroblast growth factor in the treatment of burns: a systematic review. Burns. 2022;48:104–10.

159.Muller M, Total Burn Care || Operative wound management. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007;177–95.

160.Ong YS, Samuel M, Song C. Meta-analysis of early excision of burns. Burns. 2006;32:145–50.

161.Engrav LH, Heimbach DM, Reus JL, Harnar TJ, Marvin JA. Early excision and grafting vs. nonoperative treatment of burns of Indeterminant depth: a randomized prospective study. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 1983;23:1001–4.

162.Voinchet V, Bardot J, Echinard C, Aubert JP, Magalon G. Advantages of early burn excision and grafting in the treatment of burn injuries of the anterior cervical region. Burns. 1995;21:143–6.

163.Fraulin FO, Illmayer SJ, Tredget EE. Assessment of cosmetic and functional results of conservative versus surgical management of facial burns. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1996;17:19–29.

164.Subrahmanyam M. Early tangential excision and skin grafting of moderate burns is superior to honey dressing: a prospective randomised trial. Burns. 1999;25:729–31.

165.Burke JF, Bondoc CC, Quinby WC, Remensnyder JP. Primary surgical management of the deeply burned hand in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1976;11:355–62.

166.Tambuscio A, Governa M, Caputo G, Barisoni D. Deep burn of the hands: early surgical treatment avoids the need for late revisions?  Burns. 2006;32:1000–4.

167.Salehi S, Fatemi M, Sedghi M, Niazi M. Effects of early versus delayed excision and grafting on the return of the burned hand function. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21:109.

168.Maslauskas K, Rimdeika R, Rapoliene J, Saladzinskas Z, Kaikaris V. The comparison of two methods of treatment evaluating complications and deficiency of functions of hands after deep partial skin thickness hand burns. Medicina. 2009;45:37–45.

169.Edstrom LE, Robson MC, Macchiaverna JR, Scala AD. Prospective randomized treatments for burned hands: nonoperative vs. operative. Preliminary report. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 1979;13:131–5.

170.Salisbury RE, Wright P. Evaluation of early excision of dorsal burns of the hand. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69:670–5.

171.Kalaja E. Acute excision or exposure treatment?  Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;18:95–9.

172.Desai MH, Rutan RL, Herndon DN. Conservative treatment of scald burns is superior to early excision. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1991;12:482–4.

173.Kaźmierski M, Mańkowski P, Jankowski A, Harasymczuk J. Comparison of the results of operative and conservative treatment of deep dermal partial-thickness scalds in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2007;17:354–61.

174.De Mey A, Deraemaecker R, Dereere R, Deconinck P. Conservative treatment of 725 burned children hospitalized in 10 years. Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1986;12:297–300.

175.Scott JR, Costa BA, Gibran NS, Engrav LH, Heimbach DH, Klein MB. Pediatric palm contact burns: a ten-year review. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2008;29:614–8.

176.Kowalske KJ, Greenhalgh DG, Ward SR. Hand burns. J Burn Care Res.  2007;28:607–10.

177.Cole JK, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM, Gibran NS, Costa BA, Nakamura DY, et al.   Early excision and grafting of face and neck burns in patients over 20 years. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109:1266–73.

178.Committee IPG, Ahuja RB, Gibran N, Greenhalgh D, Jeng J, Mackie D, et al.   ISBI practice guidelines for burn care. Burns. 2016;42:953–1021.

179.Pietsch JB, Netscher DT, Nagaraj HS, Groff DB. Early excision of major burns in children: effect on morbidity and mortality. J Pediatr Surg. 1985;20:754–7.

180.Pallua N, Machens HG, Becker M, Berger A. Surgical prevention of post-traumatic infection by immediate necrectomy of burn wounds. Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie Supplement Kongressband Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie Kongress. 1996;113:1144–8.

181.Xiao-Wu W, Herndon DN, Spies M, Sanford AP, Wolf SE. Effects of delayed wound excision and grafting in severely burned children. Arch Surg. 2002;137:1049–54.

182.Saaiq M, Zaib S, Ahmad S. Early excision and grafting versus delayed excision and grafting of deep thermal burns up to 40% total body surface area: a comparison of outcome. Ann Burns Fire Disasters.  2012;25:143–7.

183.Puri V, Khare NA, Chandramouli MV, Shende N, Bharadwaj S. Comparative analysis of early excision and grafting vs delayed grafting in burn patients in a developing country. J Burn Care Res.  2016;37:278–82.

184.Shao F, Ren W-J, Meng W-Z, Wang G-Z, Wang T-Y. Burn wound bacteriological profiles, patient outcomes, and tangential excision timing: a prospective. Observational Study Ostomy Wound Manage. 2018;64:28–36.

185.Fistal’ NM. Effect of early surgical interventions on results of burn treatment. Lik Sprava. 2009;(7-8):76–81.

186.Maslauskas K, Rimdeika R, Rapoliene J, Ramanauskas T. Analysis of burned hand function (early versus delayed treatment). Medicina. 2005;41:846–51.

187.Omar MTA, Hassan AA. Evaluation of hand function after early excision and skin grafting of burns versus delayed skin grafting: a randomized clinical trial. Burns. 2011;37:707–13.

188.Ayaz M, Karami MY, Deilami I, Moradzadeh Z. Effects of Early Versus Delayed Excision and Grafting on Restoring the Functionality of Deep Burn-Injured Hands: A Double-Blind, Randomized Parallel Clinical Trial. J Burn Care Res. 2019;40:451–6.

189.Mohammadi AA, Bakhshaeekia AR, Marzban S, Abbasi S, Ashraf AR, Mohammadi MK, et al.   Early excision and skin grafting versus delayed skin grafting in deep hand burns (a randomised clinical controlled trial) - ScienceDirect. Burns. 2011;37:36–41.

190.Kagan RJ, Peck MD, Ahrenholz DH, Hickerson WL, Holmes J, Korentager R, et al.   Surgical Management of the Burn Wound and use of skin substitutes: an expert panel white paper. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2013;34:e60–79.

191.Nikkhah D, Booth S, Tay S, Gilbert P, Dheansa B. Comparing outcomes of sheet grafting with 1:1 mesh grafting in patients with thermal burns: a randomized trial. Burns Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2015;41:257–64.

192.Alexander JW, Macmillan BG, Law E, Kittur DS. Treatment of severe burns with widely meshed skin autograft and meshed skin allograft overlay. J Trauma. 1981;21:433–8.

193.Zhang GF, Liu WJ, Wang D, Duan JX, Li XQ. Meta-analysis of clinical effects of microskin grafting and meek microskin grafting in repairing extensively deep burn wounds. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi.  2020;36:560–7.

194.Guogienė I, Kievišas M, Grigaitė A, Braziulis K, Rimdeika R. Split-thickness skin grafting: early outcomes of a clinical trial using different graft thickness. J Wound Care. 2018;27:5–13.

195.Mann R, Gibran NS, Engrav LH, Foster KN, Meyer NA, Honari S, et al.   Prospective trial of thick vs standard split-thickness skin grafts in burns of the hand. J Burn Care Rehabil.  2001;22:390–2.

196.Pham TN, Hanley C, Palmieri T, Greenhalgh DG. Results of early excision and full-thickness grafting of deep palm burns in children. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001;22:54–7.

197.Chandrasegaram MD, Harvey J. Full-thickness vs split-skin grafting in pediatric hand burns--a 10-year review of 174 cases. J Burn Care Res.  2009;30:867–71.

198.Jang YC, Kwon OK, Lee JW, Oh SJ. The optimal management of pediatric steam burn from electric rice-cooker: STSG or FTSG?  J Burn Care Rehabil.  2001;22:15–20.

199.Marazzi M, Stefani A, Chiaratti A, Ordanini MN, Falcone L, Rapisarda V. Effect of enzymatic debridement with collagenase on acute and chronic hard-to-heal wounds. J Wound Care. 2006;15:222–7.

200.Vloemans AFPM, Schreinemachers MCJM, Middelkoop E, Kreis RW. The use of glycerol-preserved allografts in the Beverwijk burn Centre: a retrospective study. Burns  2002;28  Suppl 1:S2–9.

201.Brans TA, Hoekstra MJ, Vloemans AF, Kreis RW. Long-term results of treatment of scalds in children with glycerol-preserved allografts. Burns  1994;20  Suppl 1:S10–13.

202.Chiu T, Burd A. “Xenograft” dressing in the treatment of burns. Clin Dermatol. 2005;23:419–23.

203.Chiu T, Shah M. Porcin xenograft dressing for facial burns: beware of the mesh imprint.Burns.2002;28(3):279–82.

204.Chatterjee DS. A controlled comparative study of the use of porcine xenograft in the treatment of partial thickness skin loss in an occupational health Centre. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2008;5:726–33.

205.Horch RE, Jeschke MG, Spilker G, Herndon DN, Kopp J. Treatment of second degree facial burns with allografts--preliminary results. Burns. 2005;31:597–602.

206.Kagan RJ, Robb EC, Plessinger RT. Human skin banking. Clin Lab Med. 2005;25:587–605.

207.Hermans MHE. Results of an internet survey on the treatment of partial thickness burns, full thickness burns, and donor sites. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28:835–47.

208.Ahuja N, Jin R, Powers C, Billi A, Bass K. Dehydrated human amnion chorion membrane as treatment for Pediatric burns. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2020;9:602–11.

209.Salisbury RE, Carnes RW, Enterline D. Biological dressings and evaporative water loss from burn wounds. Ann Plast Surg. 1980;5:270–2.

210.Noordenbos J, Doré C, Hansbrough JF. Safety and efficacy of TransCyte for the treatment of partial-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1999;20:275–81.

211.Lal S, Barrow RE, Wolf SE, Chinkes DL, Hart DW, Heggers JP, et al.   Biobrane improves wound healing in burned children without increased risk of infection. Shock. 2000;14:314–8  discussion 318-319.

212.Matsumura H, Nozaki M, Watanabe K, Sakurai H, Kawakami S, Nakazawa H, et al.   The estimation of tissue loss during tangential hydrosurgical debridement. Ann Plast Surg. 2012;69:521–5.

213.Jeffery SLA. Device related tangential excision in burns. Injury  2007;38  Suppl 5:S35–38.

214.Tenenhaus M, Bhavsar D, Rennekampff H-O. Treatment of deep partial thickness and indeterminate depth facial burn wounds with water-jet debridement and a biosynthetic dressing. Injury  2007;38  Suppl 5:S39–45.

215.Gravante G, Delogu D, Esposito G, Montone A. Versajet hydrosurgery versus classic escharectomy for burn débridment: a prospective randomized trial. J Burn Care Res.  2007;28:720–4.

216.Hyland EJ, D’Cruz R, Menon S, Chan Q, Harvey JG, Lawrence T, et al.   Prospective, randomised controlled trial comparing VersajetTM hydrosurgery and conventional debridement of partial thickness paediatric burns. Burns. 2015;41:700–7.

217.Chinese Burn Association. National expert consensus on the clinical application of eschar dermabrasion in burn wounds (2021 version). Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2021;37:501–7.

218.Cubison TCS, Pape SA, Jeffery SLA. Dermal preservation using the Versajet hydrosurgery system for debridement of paediatric burns. Burns. 2006;32:714–20.

219.Lee KS, Young A, King H, Jenkins ATA, Davies A. Variation in definitions of burn wound infection limits the validity of systematic review findings in burn care: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Burns. 2022;48:1–12.

220.Lindsay S, Oates A, Bourdillon K. The detrimental impact of extracellular bacterial proteases on wound healing. Int Wound J. 2017;14:1237–47.

221.Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:448–54.

222.Ebral Y, YaseminD Y. Diagnostic importance of serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in sepsis after burn. International journal of burns and trauma. 2021;11:391–6.

223.Davies A, Teare L, Falder S, Coy K, Dumville JC, Collins D, et al.   Protocol for the development of a core indicator set for reporting burn wound infection in trials: ICon-B study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e026056.

224.Davies A, Teare L, Falder S, Dumville J, Shah M, Jenkins ATA, et al.   Consensus demonstrates four indicators needed to standardize burn wound infection reporting across trials in a single-country study (ICon-B study). J Hosp Infect. 2020;106:217–25.

225.Barajas-Nava LA, López-Alcalde J, Marta Roqué I, Figuls IS, Cosp XB. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing burn wound infection. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2010;6:CD008738.

226.Greenhalgh DG, Saffle JR, Holmes JH, Gamelli RL, Palmieri TL, Horton JW, et al.   American burn association consensus conference to define sepsis and infection in burns. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2007;28:776–90.

227.May AK, Stafford RE, Bulger EM, Heffernan D, Guillamondegui O, Bochicchio G, et al.   Treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Surg Infect. 2009;10:467–99.

228.Duane TM, Huston JM, Collom M, Beyer A, Parli S, Buckman S, et al.   Surgical infection society 2020 updated guidelines on the Management of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Surg Infect. 2021;22:383–99.

229.Mitchell V, Galizia JP, Fournier L. Precise diagnosis of infection in burn wound biopsy specimens. Combination of histologic technique, acridine orange staining, and culture. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1989;10:195–202.

230.Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, Winston B, Lindsay R. Burn wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:403–34.

231.Robson MC, Krizek TJ. Predicting skin graft survival. J Trauma. 1973;13:213–7.

232.Pruitt BA, Foley FD. The use of biopsies in burn patient care. Surgery. 1973;73:887–97.

233.Park JJ, Seo YB, Choi YK, Kym D, Lee J. Changes in the prevalence of causative pathogens isolated from severe burn patients from 2012 to 2017. Burns. 2020;46:695–701.

234.Cook N. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus versus the burn patient. Burns. 1998;24:91–8.

235.Prasanna M, Thomas C. A profile of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in the burn center of the Sultanate of Oman. Burns. 1998;24:631–6.

236.Fochtmann-Frana A, Freystätter C, Vorstandlechner V, Barth A, Bolliger M, Presterl E, et al.   Incidence of risk factors for bloodstream infections in patients with major burns receiving intensive care: a retrospective single-center cohort study. Burns. 2018;44:784–92.

237.McManus AT, Mason AD, McManus WF, Pruitt BA. Twenty-five year review ofPseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a burn center. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1985;4:219–23.

238.Zarrilli R, Crispino M, Bagattini M, Barretta E, Di Popolo A, Triassi M, et al.   Molecular epidemiology of sequential outbreaks of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit shows the emergence of Carbapenem resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:946–53.

239.Albrecht MA, Griffith ME, Murray CK, Chung KK, Horvath EE, Ward JA, et al.   Impact of Acinetobacter infection on the mortality of burn patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203:546–50.

240.Azzopardi EA, Azzopardi E, Camilleri L, Villapalos J, Boyce DE, Dziewulski P, et al.   Gram negative wound infection in hospitalised adult burn patients-systematic review and Metanalysis-. McDowell a, editor. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95042.

241.Sarabahi S, Tiwari VK, Arora S, Capoor MR, Pandey A. Changing pattern of fungal infection in burn patients. Burns. 2012;38:520–8.

242.Vaezi A, Fakhim H, Khodavaisy S, Alizadeh A, Nazeri M, Soleimani A, et al.   Epidemiological and mycological characteristics of candidemia in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Mycol Médicale. 2017;27:146–52.

243.Becker WK. Fungal burn wound infection: a 10-year experience. Arch Surg. 1991;126:44.

244.Murray CK, Loo FL, Hospenthal DR, Cancio LC, Jones JA, Kim SH, et al.   Incidence of systemic fungal infection and related mortality following severe burns. Burns. 2008;34:1108–12.

245.Schofield CM, Murray CK, Horvath EE, Cancio LC, Kim SH, Wolf SE, et al.   Correlation of culture with histopathology in fungal burn wound colonization and infection. Burns. 2007;33:341–6.

246.Manson WL, Coenen JM, Klasen HJ, Horwitz EH. Intestinal bacterial translocation in experimentally burned mice with wounds colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Trauma. 1992;33:654–8.

247.Manson WL, Westerveld AW, Klasen HJ, Sauër EW. Selective intestinal decontamination of the digestive tract for infection prophylaxis in severely burned patients. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;21:269–72.

248.Altoparlak U, Erol S, Akcay MN, Celebi F, Kadanali A. The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients. Burns. 2004;30:660–4.

249.Edlich RF, Rodeheaver GT, Spengler M, Herbert J, Edgerton MT. Practical bacteriologic monitoring of the burn victim. Clin Plast Surg. 1977;4:561–9.

250.Andonovska D, Dzokic G, Spasevska L, Trajkovska T, Popovska K, Todorov I, et al.   The advantages of the application of amnion membrane in the treatment of burns. Prilozi. 2008;29:183–98.

251.McManus AT, Kim SH, McManus WF, Mason AD Jr, Pruitt BA Jr. Comparison of quantitative microbiology and histopathology in divided burn-wound biopsy specimens. Arch Surg. 1987;122:74–6.

252.Halstead FD, Lee KC, Kwei J, Dretzke J, Oppenheim BA, Moiemen NS. A systematic review of quantitative burn wound microbiology in the management of burns patients. Burns. 2018;44:39–56.

253.Kwei J, Halstead FD, Dretzke J, Oppenheim BA, Moiemen NS. Protocol for a systematic review of quantitative burn wound microbiology in the management of burns patients. Syst Rev. 2015;4:150.

254.Uppal SK, Ram S, Kwatra B, Garg S, Gupta R. Comparative evaluation of surface swab and quantitative full thickness wound biopsy culture in burn patients. Burns. 2007;33:460–3.

255.Copeland-Halperin LR, Kaminsky AJ, Bluefeld N, Miraliakbari R. Sample procurement for cultures of infected wounds: a systematic review. J Wound Care. 2016;25:S4–10.

256.Sjöberg T, Mzezewa S, Jönsson K, Robertson V, Salemark L. Comparison of surface swab cultures and quantitative tissue biopsy cultures to predict sepsis in burn patients: a prospective study. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation.  2003;24:365–70.

257.Rajapaksha P, Elbourne A, Gangadoo S, Brown R, Cozzolino D, Chapman J. A review of methods for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Analyst. 2019;144:396–411.

258.Rhoads DD, Wolcott RD, Sun Y, Dowd SE. Comparison of culture and molecular identification of bacteria in chronic wounds. IJMS. 2012;13:2535–50.

259.Wu J, Huang M. Application of mNGS to describe the clinical and microbial characteristics of severe burn a tanker explosion at a tertiary medical center: a retrospective study patients following. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1086.

260.Wu J, Lu AD, Zhang LP. Study of clinical outcome and prognosis in pediatric core binding factor-acute myeloid leukemia. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2019;40:52–7.

261.Shahini Shams-Abadi M, Halaji M, Hoseini-Alfatemi SM, Gholipour A, Mojtahedi A, Sedigh E-SH. Epidemiology of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 harboring Staphylococcus aureus obtained from clinical samples in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Ig. 2018;30:391–400.

262.Hasannejad-Bibalan M, Jafari A, Sabati H, Goswami R, Jafaryparvar Z, Sedaghat F, et al.   Risk of type III secretion systems in burn patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns. 2021;47:538–44.

263.Heidarzadeh S, Enayati Kaliji Y, Pourpaknia R, Mohammadzadeh A, Ghazali-Bina M, Saburi E, et al.   A meta-analysis of the prevalence of class 1 Integron and correlation with antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from Iranian burn patients. Journal of Burn Care & Research.  2019;40:972–8.

264.Dou Y-H, Du J-K, Liu H-L, Shong X-D. The role of procalcitonin in the identification of invasive fungal infection—a systemic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;76:464–9.

265.Shahini Shams Abadi M, Nikokar I, Hoseini Alfatemi SM, Malekzadegan Y, Azizi A, Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie H. Epidemiology of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin harbouring Staphylococcus aureus in cutaneous infections from Iran: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Infez Med. 2017;25(3):217–223. PMID: 28956538.

266.Wilkins RG, Unverdorben M. Wound cleaning and wound healing: a concise review. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2013;26:160–3.

267.Ubbink DT, Brölmann FE, Go PMNYH, Vermeulen H. Evidence-based Care of Acute Wounds: a perspective. Advances in Wound Care. 2015;4:286–94.

268.Hart DW, Wolf SE, Chinkes DL, Beauford RB, Mlcak RP, Heggers JP, et al.   Effects of early excision and aggressive enteral feeding on Hypermetabolism. Catabolism, and Sepsis after Severe Burn: The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 2003;54:755–64.

269.Ravat F, Le-Floch R, Vinsonneau C, Ainaud P, Bertin-Maghit M, Carsin H, et al.   Antibiotics and the burn patient. Burns. 2011;37:16–26.

270.Marx DE, Barillo DJ. Silver in medicine: the basic science. Burns. 2014;40:S9–18.

271.Moyer CA, Brentano L, Gravens DL, Margraf HW, Monafo WW. Treatment of large human burns with 0.5 per cent SILVER nitrate solution. Arch Surg. 1965;90:812–67.

272.Greenhalgh DG. Topical antimicrobial agents for burn wounds. Clin Plast Surg. 2009;36:597–606.

273.Punjataewakupt A, Napavichayanun S, Aramwit P. The downside of antimicrobial agents for wound healing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38:39–54.

274.Luo G, Peng Y, Yuan Z, Cheng W, Wu J, Fitzgerald M. Yeast from burn patients at a major burn Centre of China. Burns. 2011;37:299–303.

275.Sheridan RL. Sepsis in pediatric burn patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005;6:S112–9.

276.Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, Vazquez J, Pappas PG, Saeki F, et al.   Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-->3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:654–9.

277.McCarthy MW, Walsh TJ. PCR methodology and applications for the detection of human fungal pathogens. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2016;16:1025–36.

278.Pham AS, Tarrand JJ, May GS, Lee MS, Kontoyiannis DP, Han XY. Diagnosis of invasive mold infection by real-time quantitative PCR. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;119(1):38–44.

279.Terol MJ, Tassies D, López-Guillermo A, Martín-Ortega E, Bladé J, Cervantes F, et al.   Sepsis by Candida tropicalis in patients with granulocytopenia. A study of 10 cases. Med Clin (Barc). 1994;103:579–82.

280.Maertens J, Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J, Verbeken E, Verschakelen J, Boogaerts M. Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive Aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1297–306.

281.Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A, Couaillier JF, Durand C, Cuisenier B, et al.   Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. JCO. 1997;15:139–47.

282.Segal BH, Walsh TJ. Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of invasive Aspergillosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:707–17.

283.Caillot D, Couaillier J-F, Bernard A, Casasnovas O, Denning DW, Mannone L, et al.   Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. JCO.  2001;19:253–9.

284.Ha JF, Italiano CM, Heath CH, Shih S, Rea S, Wood FM. Candidemia and invasive candidiasis: a review of the literature for the burns surgeon. Burns. 2011;37:181–95.

285.Cochran A, Morris SE, Edelman LS, Saffle JR. Systemic Candida infection in burn patients: a case-control study of management patterns and outcomes. Surg Infect. 2002;3:367–74.

286.Rapidis AD. Orbitomaxillary mucormycosis (zygomycosis) and the surgical approach to treatment: perspectives from a maxillofacial surgeon. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:98–102.

287.Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Role of hand hygiene in healthcare-associated infection prevention. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73:305–15.

288.Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H, Dharan S, Pessoa-Silva CL, Donaldson L, et al.   Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:641–52.

289.Trick WE, Vernon MO, Hayes RA, Nathan C, Rice TW, Peterson BJ, et al.   Impact of ring wearing on hand contamination and comparison of hand hygiene agents in a hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1383–90.

290.Simor AE, Lee M, Vearncombe M, Jones-Paul L, Barry C, Gomez M, et al.   An outbreak due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a burn unit: risk factors for acquisition and management. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23:261–7.

291.Gould DJ, Moralejo D, Drey N, Chudleigh JH. Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;8(9):CD005186.

292.Martina PF, Martinez M, Centeno CK, Specht VON, M, Ferreras J.  Dangerous passengers: multidrug-resistant bacteria on hands and mobile phones. J Prev Med Hyg. 2019;60:E293–9.

293.Snyder GM, Thom KA, Furuno JP, Perencevich EN, Roghmann M-C, Strauss SM, et al.   Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci on the gowns and gloves of healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:583–9.

294.Jackson SS, Thom KA, Magder LS, Stafford KA, Johnson JK, Miller LG, et al.   Patient contact is the main risk factor for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus contamination of healthcare workers’ gloves and gowns in the intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39:1063–7.

295.Morgan DJ, Liang SY, Smith CL, Johnson JK, Harris AD, Furuno JP, et al.   Frequent multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii contamination of gloves, gowns, and hands of healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:716–21.

296.Hayden MK, Blom DW, Lyle EA, Moore CG, Weinstein RA. Risk of hand or glove contamination after contact with patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus or the colonized patients’ environment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:149–54.

297.Cardany CR, Rodeheaver GT, Horowitz JH, Kenney JG, Edlich RF. Influence of hydrotherapy and antiseptic agents on burn wound bacterial contamination. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1985;6:230–2.

298.Tredget EE, Shankowsky HA, Joffe AM, Inkson TI, Volpel K, Paranchych W, et al.   Epidemiology of infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn patients: the role of hydrotherapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:941–9.

299.Embil JM, McLeod JA, Al-Barrak AM, Thompson GM, Aoki FY, Witwicki EJ, et al.   An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment. Burns. 2001;27:681–8.

300.Dettenkofer M, Wenzler S, Amthor S, Antes G, Motschall E, Daschner FD. Does disinfection of environmental surfaces influence nosocomial infection rates? A systematic review. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:84–9.

301.Lowbury EJ, Babb JR, Ford PM. Protective isolation in a burns unit: the use of plastic isolators and air curtains. J Hyg (Lond). 1971;69:529–46.

302.Kalligeros M, Shehadeh F, Karageorgos SA, Zacharioudakis IM, Mylonakis E. MRSA colonization and acquisition in the burn unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns. 2019;45:1528–36.

303.McKinnell JA, Miller LG, Eells SJ, Cui E, Huang SS. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization at time of hospital or intensive care unit admission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:1077–86.

304.Pangli H, Papp A. The relation between positive screening results and MRSA infections in burn patients. Burns. 2019;45:1585–92.

305.Taddonio TE, Thomson PD, Smith DJ, Prasad JK. A survey of wound monitoring and topical antimicrobial therapy practices in the treatment of burn injury. J Burn Care Rehabil.  1990;11:423–7.

306.Ugburo AO, Atoyebi OA, Oyeneyin JO, Sowemimo GOA. An evaluation of the role of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in the control of burn wound infection at the Lagos University teaching hospital. Burns. 2004;30:43–8.