Objective：To comprehend the physical health and the environmental exposure of couples at child bearing age in Chongqing，to investigate the risk factors before pregnancy and to propose measures of eugenics. Methods：Totally 1 510 couples at child bearing age in Chongqing were participated in a questionnaire survey about their general situation，personal and family history of disease. Analysis was made to comprehend the exposure of risk factors before pregnancy. Results：According to the questionnaire results，32.91% of the female at child bearing age were more than 35 years old；the percentages of the family genetic history in male and female were 76.31% and 34.30% respectively；the highest risk factor for couples at child bearing age was work，41.13% in male and 19.87% in female. Conclusions：The female more than 35 years old should pay more attention to prenatal care to prevent the adverse pregnancy outcomes. The couples who had family genetic history need to focus on health and eugenic counseling. Government need to strengthen the publicity of prenatal and postnatal care to arouse the awareness of the prenatal and postnatal care for couples at child bearing age and to urge them to participate in counseling and pre-pregnancy examination to reduce the birth defects and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.