Objective：To investigate the influence of pre-B cell colony enhancing factor（PBEF） on the mRNA expression of PBEF，tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α），interleukin-1β（IL-1β） as well as the protein expression of nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）p65 in lung tissue in rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome（ARDS） induced by oleic acid tail vein injection and drug intervention；to po－tentially verify the pro-inflammation role of PBEF in ARDS and to provide new ideas and evidences for further study of the patho－genesis，pathophysiological processes and treatment of ARDS by referring to the phenomena observed by other scholars in vitro. Methods：Forty healthy adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control group（group C），model group（group OA），drug intervention group（group D），and solvent control group（group S）. Rats in group OA，group D and group S were used to induce ARDS models by oleic acid tail vein injection at a dose of 0.15 ml/kg. Rats in group D received PBEF inhibitor FK866 10 mg/kg and group S also received the same volume of its solvent dimethyl sulfoxide by intraperitoneal injection. Whether the models were successfully made was preliminary determined by rats’ respiratory rates，color of skin and lips as well as their activity. Rats were anes－thetized by intraperitoneal injection of 3.5% chloral hydrate（10 ml/kg） six hours after successfully modeling. The right upper lobe of lung was immediately doused in formalin for im－munohistochemical detection and the right lower lobe was immediately frozen at -80 ℃ refrigerator or liquid nitrogen for detecting the expression of PBEF，TNF-α，IL-1β mRNA by RT-qPCR，as well as the protein expression of NF-κB p65 by Western blot. Results：The protein expression of PBEF could be found in the bronchial epithelia，vascular endothelia，alveolar wall and alveolar edema fluid of rats with ARDS by immunohistochemical detection. The expression of PBEF，TNF-α，IL-1β mRNA and NF-κB p65 protein significantly increased in all groups except group C（PBEF：P=0.000，P=0.000，P=0.000；TNF-α：P=0.035，P=0.000，P=0.000；IL-1β：P=0.000，P=0.000，P=0.000；NF-κB p65：P=0.000，P=0.000，P=0.000）. Rats in group D had an ameliorated change in the expression of inflammatory factors mRNA and NF-κB p65 protein compared with those in group OA and group S（PBEF：P=0.002，P=0.006；TNF-α：P=0.004，P=0.001；IL-1β：P=0.001，P=0.015；NF-κB p65：P=0.001，P=0.000）. Conclusion：PBEF may induce the inflamma－tory injury of pulmonary tissues by activating the inflammatory response and promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines.Thus it may play an important role in the development of ARDS.